exam 4 study guide

What is the cause of GAS (Group A Streptococci)?

Streptococcus pyogenes

What are the symptoms of GAS (Group A Streptococci)?

Sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes, tonsillar exudate

What is the treatment for GAS (Group A Streptococci)?

Penicillin or amoxicillin

What is the cause of Acute Otitis Media?

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae

What are the symptoms of Acute Otitis Media?

Ear pain, fever, irritability in children

What is the treatment for Acute Otitis Media?

Amoxicillin or watchful waiting depending on severity

What is the cause of Diphtheria?

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

What are the symptoms of Diphtheria?

Thick gray membrane in throat, sore throat, difficulty breathing

What is the treatment for Diphtheria?

Diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin)

What is the cause of Bacterial Pneumonia?

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae

What are the symptoms of Bacterial Pneumonia?

Cough, chest pain, fever, difficulty breathing

What is the treatment for Bacterial Pneumonia?

Antibiotics (penicillins, macrolides)

What is the cause of Tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

What are the symptoms of Tuberculosis?

Chronic cough, weight loss, night sweats, hemoptysis

What is the treatment for Tuberculosis?

Isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide

What is the cause of Whooping Cough?

Bordetella pertussis

What are the symptoms of Whooping Cough?

Severe coughing fits, ‘whoop’ sound on inspiration

What is the treatment for Whooping Cough?

Macrolide antibiotics (e.g., azithromycin)

What is the cause of Legionellosis?

Legionella pneumophila

What are the symptoms of Legionellosis?

Fever, cough, shortness of breath, muscle aches

What is the treatment for Legionellosis?

Azithromycin or fluoroquinolones

What is the cause of e Influenza?

Influenza virus A/B/C

What are the symptoms of e Influenza?

Fever, chills, muscle aches, cough, fatigue

What is the treatment for e Influenza?

Antivirals (oseltamivir) if early, supportive care

What is the cause of Viral Pneumonia?

Influenza virus, RSV, adenovirus

What are the symptoms of Viral Pneumonia?

Cough, fever, chest pain, fatigue

What is the treatment for Viral Pneumonia?

Supportive care, antivirals in select cases

What is the cause of e Measles?

Measles virus

What are the symptoms of e Measles?

Fever, cough, Koplik spots, maculopapular rash

What is the treatment for e Measles?

Supportive care, vitamin A

What is the cause of e Rubella?

Rubella virus

What are the symptoms of e Rubella?

Mild fever, rash, swollen lymph nodes

What is the treatment for e Rubella?

Supportive care

What is the cause of e Pyelonephritis?

Ascending urinary tract bacteria (e.g., E. coli)

What are the symptoms of e Pyelonephritis?

Back/flank pain, fever, chills, nausea

What is the treatment for e Pyelonephritis?

Oral or IV antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone)

What is the cause of Glomerulonephritis?

Post-streptococcal immune response

What are the symptoms of Glomerulonephritis?

Blood in urine, edema, hypertension

What is the treatment for Glomerulonephritis?

Supportive care, antihypertensives, corticosteroids

What is the cause of NGU (Nongonococcal Urethritis)?

Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium

What are the symptoms of NGU (Nongonococcal Urethritis)?

Urethral discharge, dysuria

What is the treatment for NGU (Nongonococcal Urethritis)?

Azithromycin or doxycycline

What is the cause of Bacterial Vaginosis?

Overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria (e.g., Gardnerella vaginalis)

What are the symptoms of Bacterial Vaginosis?

Thin, gray vaginal discharge with fishy odor

What is the treatment for Bacterial Vaginosis?

Metronidazole

What is the cause of Gonorrhea?

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

What are the symptoms of Gonorrhea?

Painful urination, discharge, possible infertility

What is the treatment for Gonorrhea?

Ceftriaxone + azithromycin

What is the cause of Chlamydia?

Chlamydia trachomatis

What are the symptoms of Chlamydia?

Often asymptomatic, may cause discharge, pelvic pain

What is the treatment for Chlamydia?

Azithromycin or doxycycline

What is the cause of Syphilis?

Treponema pallidum

What are the symptoms of Syphilis?

Chancre (painless sore), rash, neurological symptoms in later stages

What is the treatment for Syphilis?

Penicillin G

What is the cause of Chancroid?

Haemophilus ducreyi

What are the symptoms of Chancroid?

Painful genital ulcers and swollen lymph nodes

What is the treatment for Chancroid?

Azithromycin or ceftriaxone

What is the cause of Genital Herpes?

Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 or HSV-2)

What are the symptoms of Genital Herpes?

Painful blisters or ulcers on genitals

What is the treatment for Genital Herpes?

Acyclovir, valacyclovir

What is the cause of Neonatal Herpes?

HSV from infected mother during delivery

What are the symptoms of Neonatal Herpes?

Skin lesions, neurological damage, systemic infection

What is the treatment for Neonatal Herpes?

IV acyclovir

What is the cause of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)?

HPV types 6, 11 (warts); 16, 18 (cancer risk)

What are the symptoms of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)?

Genital warts, risk of cervical cancer

What is the treatment for Human Papillomavirus (HPV)?

Vaccination, wart removal

What is the cause of Dental Caries?

Streptococcus mutans

What are the symptoms of Dental Caries?

Tooth decay, sensitivity, visible pits

What is the treatment for Dental Caries?

Fluoride, dental fillings, oral hygiene

What is the cause of e Periodontal Disease?

Plaque buildup, Porphyromonas spp.

What are the symptoms of e Periodontal Disease?

Gum swelling, bleeding, tooth loss

What is the treatment for e Periodontal Disease?

Deep cleaning, antibiotics, surgery

What is the cause of Herpetic Gingivostomatitis?

Herpes simplex virus type 1

What are the symptoms of Herpetic Gingivostomatitis?

Painful mouth sores, fever, swollen gums

What is the treatment for Herpetic Gingivostomatitis?

Acyclovir

What is the cause of e Mumps?

Mumps virus

What are the symptoms of e Mumps?

Swollen parotid glands, fever, headache

What is the treatment for e Mumps?

Supportive care, MMR vaccine for prevention

What is the cause of Staphylococcal Food Poisoning?

Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin

What are the symptoms of Staphylococcal Food Poisoning?

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea (rapid onset)

What is the treatment for Staphylococcal Food Poisoning?

Supportive care, hydration

What is the cause of e Salmonellosis?

Salmonella spp.

What are the symptoms of e Salmonellosis?

Diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps

What is the treatment for e Salmonellosis?

Supportive care, antibiotics in severe cases

What is the cause of Typhoid Fever?

Salmonella typhi

What are the symptoms of Typhoid Fever?

High fever, weakness, abdominal pain, rash

What is the treatment for Typhoid Fever?

Ciprofloxacin or azithromycin

What is the cause of coli Infections?

Escherichia coli (various strains)

What are the symptoms of coli Infections?

Diarrhea, cramps, in severe cases hemolytic uremic syndrome

What is the treatment for coli Infections?

Supportive care; avoid antibiotics in EHEC

What is the cause of e Cholera?

Vibrio cholerae

What are the symptoms of e Cholera?

Profuse watery diarrhea (‘rice-water stool’)

What is the treatment for e Cholera?

Oral rehydration, doxycycline

What is the cause of Campylobacteriosis?

Campylobacter jejuni

What are the symptoms of Campylobacteriosis?

Diarrhea, cramping, fever

What is the treatment for Campylobacteriosis?

Azithromycin or supportive care

What is the cause of Clostridium perfringens Gastroenteritis?

C. perfringens toxin

What are the symptoms of Clostridium perfringens Gastroenteritis?

Abdominal cramps, diarrhea

What is the treatment for Clostridium perfringens Gastroenteritis?

Supportive care

What is the cause of difficile-Associated Disease?

Clostridioides difficile