biology in-class test review !!

“thumb” of a bird

“thumb” of a bird

alula

what sense does a bird have the best of?

vision

allows a bird to blink without obstructing its vision

nictitating membrane

muscular organ lined with plates that grind a bird’s food

gizzard

part of a bird that gets rid of waste

cloaca

special sac in a bird’s esophagus that serves as a storage chamber and releases food to the rest of the digestive system

crop

located above the eyes of marine birds

salt gland

behind a bird’s lungs; holds air when a bird inhales

air sacs

a bird’s voice box

syrinx

annually moving to a different region

migration

route followed by migrating birds year after year

flyways

unlearned knowledge that an animal possesses from birth

instinct

keeping eggs warm, usually by an adult bird sitting on them, so that young birds will develop properly

incubation

naked and helpless state at hatching

altricial

covered with down and able to run or swim almost immediately after hatching

precocial

“cold-blooded”; body temperature is controlled by external factors

poikilotherms

reptiles that bear their young alive; eggs hatch inside the reptile

ovoviviparous

most numerous of the reptiles

lizards

legless vertebrates with long, cylindrical bodies covered with dry scales

snakes

most snakes use this type of movement

lateral undulation

movement used by many thick-bodied snakes stalking prey

rectilinear movement

type of movement in which a snake moves the front part of its body forward, coils it tightly, and pulls the back part forward

concertina movement

movement most commonly used by desert-dwelling snakes

sidewinding movement

bones of a snake that allow them to pick up vibrations; found on each side of the lower jaw

quadrate bones

organ on the roof of a snake’s mouth that is sensitive to odor

jacobson’s organ

largest group of living snakes

colubrids

two families of constrictors

boids & pythons

snakes with immovable fangs

elapids

snakes with retractable fangs and contains the vipers of the old world & pit vipers

viperid family

reptile with a shell and toothless jaw

turtle

period of summer dormancy

estivation

term generally reserved for land turtles

tortoise

crocodilians with narrow snouts and protruding lower teeth

crocodiles

reptile with a parietal eye at the top of its brain

tuatara

cold-blooded vertebrates that live both on land and in water

amphibians

branched pigment cells that control the skin coloration of amphibians as well as many reptiles and fish

chromatophores

young frog

tadpole

a frog’s teeth in the back of the upper jaw

vomerine teeth

how frogs breathe through their mouth

buccal respiration

method by which a frog can breathe through its skin

cutaneous respiration

finger-like objects inside a frog that help it retain and store fat

fat bodies

condition in which some amphibians remain permanently larvae (in the water) and keep their gills

pedomorphosis

terrestrial form of a salamander

eft

scientists who study fish

ichthyologists

fish with skeletons made partially or wholly of bone

bony fish

gill covers

opercula

special organs that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass between the water and fish’s blood

gills

a system of special nerve endings that extends over a fish’s head and down the sides of its body

lateral line

muscles arranged in w-shaped bands

myomeres

how fish lay eggs

spawn

hollow, gas-filled chamber located high in the fish’s body cavity

swim bladder

fish with skeletons made of cartilage instead on bone

cartilaginous

tooth-like scales covering sharks and rays

denticles

fish which can be distinguished by their asymmetrical caudal fins

sharks

largest type of shark

whale shark

animal responsible for more injuries to people than all other types of fish combined

stingrays

2 fish that lack jaws

lamprey & hagfish

animals with no backbone

invertebrates

invertebrates with jointed appendages

arthropods

external skeleton

exoskeleton

the most varied and numerous of all living creatures

insects

process by which insects mature

metamorphosis

insect hatches into an immature form of the insect that looks much like the adult (nymph)

incomplete metamorphosis

insect egg hatches into a larva

complete metamorphosis

3 body sections of an insect

head, thorax, abdomen

“half wing”; true bugs

hemiptera

“same wing”

homoptera

“scale wings”; butterflies and moths

lepidoptera

“sheath wing”; beetles, ladybugs

coleoptera

type of insects included in hymenoptera (membrane wing)

social insects

bee responsible for laying eggs

queen

bees responsible for fertilizing eggs

drones

bees responsible for managing the colony and bringing food

workers

arthropods with eight legs

arachnids

fused head and thorax

cephalothorax

a pair of short appendages used by spiders to seize and kill their prey

chelicerae

a spider’s appendage that looks like a small leg attached to each side of a spider’s mouth to cut and crush food

pedipalp

organs used by spiders to breathe

book lungs

organs that a spider uses to spin silk

spinnerets

group of arachnids known for their long, spindly legs

daddy longlegs

has one set of legs per body segment; carnivorous

centipede

has two sets of legs per body segment

millipede

insects with a hard carapace

crustaceans

appendages found on the body segments that make up the abdomen

swimmerets

largest group of water animals on earth

mollusks

three main parts of a mollusk

foot, visceral hump, mantle

mollusks with two shells

bivalves

smooth buildup (nacre) formed around an irritant

pearl

muscles that hold together the shells of a bivalve

adductor muscles

“stomach foot”

gastropods

rough, file-like organ that scrapes food and carries it into the digestive tract

radula

“head foot”

cephalopods

cephalopod with 8 tentacles with suction cups

octopus

only cephalopod with an external shell

nautilus

spiny-skinned animals

echinoderms

on the undersides of a starfish’s rays, used for opening the shells of clams and oysters

tube feet

stinging cells

cnidocytes

cylindrical body type that is sessile and has its mouth facing upward

polyp

free-swimming, umbrella-shaped body type that has its mouth facing downward

medusa

“one head will be replaced with two”

hydra