UNIT 3 AND 4 AP WORLD TEST

from 1450-1750, ____________ _______________ was aided by gunpowder by gunpowder empires (Safavids, Mughals, Ottomans)
-THE POLICY of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign areas

imperial expansion

acquisition of new territories by a state and the incorporation of these territories into a political system as subordinate colonies

imperialism

-a half of a sphere.
-a half of the earth, usually as divided into northern and southern halves by the equator, or into western and eastern halves by an imaginary line passing through the poles.

hemisphere

-shia versus sunni
-protestant reformation

religious disputes

competition for the same objective or for superiority in the same field

rivalry

land based empires use military and others in power to maintain control over their populations and resources

bureaucratic elite

a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives

bureaucracy

-taj mahal and mosques in mughal empire showed power
-forbidden city inspired wonder and awe
-european palaces, such as palace of versailles used as a place of power

monumental architecture

-to make legitimate
-rulers in the islamic empire used references to the title "caliph".
- european monarchs claim to "divine right" that gave the monarch the claim to rule by the christian god.
- conversion to islam of songhai rulers and noble class provides religious and legal structures to the empire.
- aztec use human sacrifice in religious rituals.

legitimize

to gather and combine people, resources, or places

consolidate

Successor to the Mongol Yuan dynasty that reinstituted and reinforced Han Chinese ceremonies and ideals, including rule by an ethnically Han bureaucracy

Ming

Descendants of the Jurchens who helped the Ming army recapture Beijing in 1644 after its seizure by the outlaw Li Zicheng. The Manchus numbered around 1 million but controlled a domain that included perhaps 250 million people. Their rule lasted more than 250 years and became known as the Qing dynasty
-BUILT the qing dynasty, ordered all the chinese men to shave their heads into a queue.

Manchurian

Minority Manchu rule over China that incorporated new territories, experienced substantial population growth, and sustained significant economic growth.

Qing Empire

-founder of the Mughal empire
-one of the 3 major gunpowder empires
-by the mid-16th century, the Mughals controlled the northern Indus River valley
-religious tolerance
-ended the Portuguese monopoly on trade with Europe by allowing Dutch and English merchantmen to dock in Indian ports
-Before the Mughals, India had never had a single political authority
-never undertook overseas expansion; their main source of wealth was land rents, which increased via incentives to bring new land into cultivation
-the Mughals were victims of their own success

Mughals

-founder of the Mughal empire
-he introduced horsemanship, artillery, and field cannons from central Asia, and gunpowder had secured his swift military victories over northern india
-grandfather of Akbar

Babur

-grandson of Babur
-under him, the Mughal empire enjoyed expansion and consolidation that continued until it covered almost all of India
-known as the "Great Mughal"
-skilled not only in military tactics but also in the art of alliance making
-showed religious tolerance

Akbar

-Group of Anatolian Turks who, in their dedication to Islam, attacked the weakening Byzantine Empire and captured Constantinople in 1453; expanded to create an empire in the Middle East and Southeast Europe; collapsed after World War I.
-one of the 3 major gunpowder empires

Ottoman

founder of the ottoman empire

Osman I

-a dynastic family that ruled over modern-day Iran
-Shia Islam followers
-one of the 3 gunpowder empires
-Originally a Turkic nomadic group; family originated in Sufi mystic group; espoused Shi'ism; conquered territory and established kingdom in region equivalent to modern Iran; lasted until 1722.

Safavids

Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres.
-gunpowder empires
-method of expansion

Armed trade

The Ottoman system of taking non-Muslim children in place of taxes in order to educate them in Muslim ways and prepare them for service in the sultan's bureaucracy

Devshirme

tsarist land in asia and eastern europe from 1400s as they broke from mongol rule

Russian Empire

-castrated males in China
-eunuchs served at court because the Chinese thought that because they were castrated, eunuchs could pledge allegiance only to the empire
-Zheng He was a famous eunuch who was trusted with venturing out to trade, collect tribute, and display China's power to the world in 7 expeditions

eunuchs

Religious ideology established by Zhou leaders to communicate legitimate transfer and retention of royal power as the will of their supreme god. The mandate later became Chinese political doctrine.

Mandate of Heaven

-the largest of the three Shiʿi groups extant today.
-The Twelvers believe that, at the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 CE, the spiritual-political leadership (the imamate) of the Muslim community was ordained to pass down to ʿAlī, the Prophet's cousin and son-in-law, and then to ʿAlī's son Ḥusayn and thence to other imams down to the 12th, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan, who is understood to have been born circa 870 but to have gone into occultation
---a state of concealment by God—soon after his father's death circa 874. The "Hidden Imam," as he is sometimes called, is considered to be still alive and will return when God determines it to be appropriate and safe.

Twelver Shiism

the idea that european monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God

European notion of divine right

-built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal with construction starting in 1632 AD and completed in 1648 AD
-shows mix of Hindu architecture and islamic religion

Taj mahal

built in moscow by Ivan the Terrible and commemorates the capture of Kazan and Astrakhan

St. basil's Cathedral

-the political and ritual center of China for over 500 years
-built by the Ming chinese
-inspired wonder and awe

Forbidden City

-tax farming was not only related to the fact that it continued throughout the century as an essential mechanism of an extensive revenue collection system but also mainly related to direct taxes on agricultural production as well as indirect taxes such as customs duties
-ottoman tax farming: appointed "tax farmers" to pay an annual fixed sum of money for an area to the central government and collected money of gold from residents of that area

Ottoman tax farming

local officials who received a plot of farmland for temporary use in return for collecting taxes for the central government

Mughal Zamindar tax collection

Religious movement initiated by sixteenth-century monk Martin Luther, who openly criticized the corruption in the Catholic Church and voiced his belief that Christians could speak directly to God. His doctrines gained wide support, and those who followed this new view of Christianity rejected the authority of the papacy and the Catholic clergy, broke away from the Catholic Church, and called themselves "Protestants."

protestant reformation

Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries.
-Ottoman empire was Sunni

Sunni

Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali
-Safavids were Shiites

Shia

Islamic-inspired religion that calls on its followers to renounce the caste system and to treat all believers as equal before God
-blend of hinduism and Islam

sikhism

crossing an ocean

transoceanic

relating to the sea

maritime

relating to or used for navigation on a route

navigational

organism that carries a pathogen from one host to the next

disease vectors

to a great or significant extent

substantially

native to a certain area

indigenous

-involving or causing sudden great damage or suffering
-involving a sudden and large-scale alteration in state

catastrophic

to compel by force, intimidation, or authority

coerced

imposing restrictions or limitations on someone's activities or freedom

restrictive

belief that a state should take little or no part in foreign affairs, especially through alliances or wars

isolationist

-(of a person, animal, or other living organism) grow or develop in a healthy or vigorous way, especially as the result of a particularly favorable environment
-an instance of suddenly performing or developing in an impressively successful way.

flourish

a reorganization of a company with a view to achieving greater efficiency and profit, or to adapt to a changing market

restructuring

relating to the structure of populations

demographic

movement to and fro or around something, especially that of fluid in a closed system

circulation

-practice of combining different beliefs and various schools of thought
-Syncretism involves the merging or assimilation of several originally discrete traditions

syncretic

organizes hierarchies and encourages social attitudes and norms that permit groups to coexist without conflict negatively or positively

accomodation (race, ethnic relations)

rise and fall irregularly in number or amount

fluctuate

a course of travel or passage, especially a long journey by water to a distant place

voyage

-(of an animal) tame and kept as a pet or on a farm
-(of a plant) cultivated for food; naturalized

domesticated

first large-scale conflict between colonists and native americans, waged in Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, and other places

Metacom's war

Term for a nineteenth-century escaped slave in the Americas who established his or her own settlement away from plantations, causing tensions with colonial authorities

maroon societies

Spanish settlers eventually applied the word casta, the Spanish word for 'lineage,' to all children of mixed ancestry.
-casta system was created in colonial times to explain mixed race families to those back in Spain
-the casta system was created by the spanish to maintain their power and superiority to other racial groups in the colonies and to make sure that people knew what marriages were acceptable/"allowed"
-middle-level status between europeans and pure minorities (ex: mestizos, mulattos, zambos, latos)

castas

rulers who held all the power in a country. Under their rule there were no checks and balances on their power, and there were no other governing bodies they shared the power with. These monarchs also ruled by divine right or the belief that their power came from God.

absolute monarch

large farms in climates that specialize in the production of one or two cash crops to sell to a more developed country

plantations

Grants; given to spanish conquistadors to have control over Indian labor

encomienda

the name given to a large estate or plantation in Spanish colonial America
-Spanish system of landed estates in the colonies; owners practiced the encomienda system and later the repartimiento system of labor, where workers were paid.

hacienda

involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people, mainly to the Americas. The slave trade regularly used the triangular trade route and its Middle Passage, and existed from the 16th to the 19th centuries.

atlantic slave trade

Sailing vessel suited for nosing in and out of estuaries and navigating in waters with unpredictable currents and winds.

caravel

The key innovation of Portuguese navigators was the discovery of the volta do mar (literally "turn of the sea"), trade winds that allowed ships to easily sail past the west coast of Africa

volta do mar

form of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples

trading-post empire

Italian navigator who attempted to find a westward route to Asia under the sponsorship of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain; first European to discover the New World.

columbus

undertaken under English, French, and Dutch sponsorship, often with the goal of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia

northern atlantic crossings

Beginning with the explorations of Christopher Columbus, the interchange of plants, animals, pathogens, and people between the Old World and the New World.

columbian exchange

-largest impacting disease on the Native Americans brought by Christopher Columbus and his fellow explorers
-demolished the Native American populations because of their lack of immunity or exposure to this disease

smallpox

-one of the diseases introduced to the "New World" by Christopher columbus
-one of the diseases that demolished the Native American populations

measles

-A disease transmitted by mosquitoes
-Africans had immunities to malaria from their homeland and were seen as "stronger" than the native american slaves

malaria

This system allowed people to be considered legal property and to be bought, sold and owned forever

chattel slavery

-the local system for recruiting labor
-A mandatory public service system in the Inca Empire requiring all people below the age of 50 to serve for two months out of the year; not to be confused with the mita, a forced labor system practiced by conquistadors in the former Inca Empire.-labor tribute of citizens for the state

inca mit'a

-the VOC's (Dutch East India Company) main impact was in Southeast Asia, where spices, coffee, tea, and teak wood were key exports
-the company's objective was to secure a trade monopoly wherever it could, fix prices, and replace the local population with Dutch planters
-Under the leadership of Jan Pieterszoon Coen, the Dutch swept into the _____________ port of Jakarta in 1619 and took over the nearby Banda Islands 2 years later

javanese

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.

indentured servitude

Economic theory that drove European empire builders. In this economic system, the world had a fixed amount of wealth, which meant one country's wealth came at the expense of another's. ____________________ assumed that colonies existed for the sole purpose of enriching the country that controlled the colony.

mercantilism

-an impact of atlantic slave trade: new syncretic beliefs such as _________________ formed as African and Christian beliefs blended to create new beliefs
-haitian version of traditional african religious beliefs that are blended with elements of christianity

voodoo

-top of the social pyramid of Spanish Colonial Society
-white colonists from Spain

peninsulares

Triangular sail that allowed ships to sail against the wind, increasing maneuverability and making early oceanic sailing possible.

lateen sail

an instrument formerly used to make astronomical measurements, typically of the altitudes of celestial bodies, and in navigation for calculating latitude, before the development of the sextant. In its basic form (known from classical times), it consists of a disk with the edge marked in degrees and a pivoted pointer.

astrolabe

an instrument containing a magnetized pointer which shows the direction of magnetic north and bearings from it

compass

The network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Basin. Chartered Companies. Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to the West Indies colonies.

atlantic trading system

Describe chartered european monopoly companies

-private firms that were awarded monopoly trading rights over vast areas by European monarchs (for example, the Virginia Company and the Dutch East India Company)
-after the English and Dutch reached the South China Sea, in 1599, English investors pooled their funds and formed a joint-stock company called the ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY
-soon this company won a royal charter granting it exclusive rights to import East Indian goods
-the company displaced the Portuguese in the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf-the ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY eventually acquired control of ports on both coasts of India--Fort st. George at the coastal city of Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta

-to challenge both Portugal and Spain, the Dutch government persuaded its merchants to charter the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1602
-Benefiting from Amsterdam's position as the most efficient money market with the lowest interest rates in the world, the VOC raised ten times the capital of its English counterpart---the royal chartered English East India Company

a company owned jointly by the shareholders

joint-stock company

private firms that were awarded monopoly trading rights over vast areas by European monarchs (for example, the Virginia Company and the Dutch East India Company)
-association formed by investors or shareholders for the purpose of trade, exploration, and colonization

chartered companies

gunpowder empires are found mainly in

Southwest Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia

Large states that relied on firearms to control the territory that they had and to expand into new territory
-these empires were huge, had a lot of territory, and a lot of diverse people to control

Gunpowder empires

What are the 4 gunpowder empires?

-Russia
-Ottoman Empire
-Safavid Empire
-Mughal Empire

characteristics of the gunpowder empires?

-fundamentally militaristic
-art and architecture produced by these empires serve the purpose of legitimizing the power of the ruler

Describe Europe by the mid 1400s

-devastation from the Black plague was wearing off
-population began to recover
-Hundred Years War had come to an end
-invention of the Gutenberg printing press (increase in literacy rates)
-new monarchies begin to arise all throughout Europe

What is one of the key features of the monarchies arising in Europe by the 1500s?

-They began to centralize power
-kings began to gather up all the decentralized power of feudalism and centralized it by exercising control over taxation, control over the Armed forces, and control over the religion of their state
-bureaucracy expanded in response to centralized power

Methods of consolidating power

-taxation
-military
-religion

What made Europeans have an increase in literacy rates in the 1400s?

Gutenberg printing press

a group of government officials that carries out the will of whoever is in power

bureaucracy

Monarchies in Europe?

-Tutors in England
-Valois in France
-Isabella and Ferdinand in Spain

What is the consequence of the consolidation of power in Europe through the monarchies?

middle class begins to grow at the expense of the nobility and the clergy

Why was Russia in a pivotal position to get wealthy on trade?

Its territory stretched from the east to the west

Who was the ruler of Russia crowned in 1547, and describe who he is

-Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)
-Ivan was able to expand the Russian territory even further east and took much of the land that was held by the Mongolian Khan
-how did he do that? GUNPOWDER

Yuan dynasty was replaced by the

MING

Who were the ones that restored and expanded the great Wall of China?

Ming dynasty