patterns and trends in gender- 20 marker

work and women

• pay gap between men and women is 9%

• 70% of the minimum wage is women

Purcell: men paid more only by 7 years after graduation

Barron and Norris: Dual labour market-

women and the family

• 75% of mums have primary responsibility for childcare

• 2 women a week killed by partners/exes

Delphy and Leonard: triple shift- perform emotional work, housework and paid job

Ansley: takers of shit- women soak up frustrations of men so they don’t take it out on boss

Firestone: Women being child bearers is a key cause of patriarchal oppression.

poverty and women

1 in 10 women live in poverty

• lister: deal with the consequences and pressures of living in poverty e.g. raising child on own

• flahetery: poverty due to low pay and discrimination

• Beechey: reserve army of labour

crime and men

• men make up 96% of prison population

• Burman: 35% of boys described themselves as violent

Heidensohn: women kept in private sphere, so fewer opportunities to commit crimes

Pollack: Chivalry theory- women less likely to be convicted, more lenient

Cohen: status frustration

education and boys

• Girls achieve 9% higher than boys on GCSE

• Boys 3x more likely to be excluded

Frosh: Hardworking is a feminine trait

mac an ghail: 3F’s- football, fighting and fucking

health and men

• men 3x more likely to commit suicide

• men 2x more likely to die from risky behaviours

Taylor and field: likely to be addicted to alcohol and drugs

lyng: young males die from risky behaviours

Seligman: learned helplessness- women, men independent- part of masculinity