KIN 372 Exam 2

occipital lobe function

visual processing

temporal lobe function

speech comprehension

auditory processing

parietal lobe function

sensory integration

frontal lobe function

motor planning

executive functioning

amygdala function

emotion

hypothalamus function

regulates body function

hippocampus function

memory

thalamus function

sensory gateway

basal ganglia function

movement

reward

corpus callosum is also known as…

white matter tract

corpus callosum function

communication between left and right hemispheres

primary area of cortex

primary area

secondary area of cortex

premotor area

supplementary motor area

cingulate motor area

tertiary area of cortex

integrates sensory information, goal, action plan, past experience

PMA- premotor area

receives information from cerebellum

external initiation, sensory-driven

sensorimotor integration

SMA- supplementary motor area

motivation/desire

sudden insight

long term memory

M1- primary motor cortex

found in both hemispheres

large representation of hands and mouth

fine movements of fingers, hands, and speech

reaching, gait, balance, and posture

cerebellum function

sensorimotor integration

motor adaptation

motor learning

cerebrocerebellum- lateral hemispheres

projects to cortex

planning

precise movements

conscious evaluation of movement errors

spinocerebellum- intermediate areas

receives sensory input from the body

compares sensory input to intended movements and adjusts

vestibulocerebellum- flocculonodular

balance, posture

coordination of eye and head movements

ganglia

multiple nuclei doing the same function

brainstem function

automatic movements

area for motor tracks

tectospinal tract

head and eye movement

reticulospinal tract

trunk and proximal limb movements for locomotion and postural control

vestibulospinal tract

position of head and limbs to support posture and maintain balance

corticospinal tract

descending command for M1

individual finger movements

rubrospinal tract

redundant with corticospinal tract except for individual finger movements

thalamus

the relay station where everything runs through

sensory information processing

primary → secondary → tertiary

motor information processing

tertiary → secondary → primary

hair cells in the ear

sound waves deflect hair cells in cochlea opening channels

signal gets transferred through several brainstem centers ending in the cortex

vestibular system contains

three fluid-filled semicircular canals

otolith organs

located inside vestibular canals and contain the cupula and ampulla

ampulla

bottom is lined with hair cells

cupula

when the head moves, fludi moves, deflecting hair cells

vestibular system is important for

kinesthesis and balance

kinesthesis

knowing where you are in space

rods

dim light

cones

bright light and color

optic chiasm

left visual field from both eyes goes to the right and vice versa

visual signal transmission steps

starts at the eye → down through optic nerve → through optic optic chiasm → straight to thalamus(not through brainstem → primary visual cortex via optic radiation

saccades- eye movement

ballistic

basal ganglia

smooth pursuit- eye movements

tracking or anticipation

cerebellum

ventral visual stream

what something is

dorsal visual stream

where something is

ambient vision

dorsal

motion vision

not conscious

relatively fast

orientation of body in space

focal vision

ventral

object vision

conscious

relatively slow

shapes, colors, patterns

advance vision

gaining information prior to movement

example of advance vision

where an object is relative to self

feedforward vision

anticipating while moving

example of feedforward vision

reach and grasp an object

feedback vision

responding while moving

example of feedback vision

glass tips and you catch it

ALS

loss of motor neurons in motor cortex

stroke

blockage of blood vessels in the brain

MS

demyelination of corticospinal tract

spinal cord injury

partial or full injury to spinal cord

Parkinsons + Huntingtons

degeneration to basal ganglia

progressive supranuclear palsy

degeneration of cells in brainstem and cortical basal

cerebral palsy

degeneration of cells in the cortex

spinal cerebellar ataxia

degeneration fo cells in cerebellum

parkinsons cause

no clear cause

genetic

environmental (pesticides)

parkinsons cell loss

70-80% loss of cells in substantia nigra

is parkinsons hypokinetic or hyperkinetic?

hypokinetic

motor symptoms of parkinsons

bradykinesia

akinesia

rigidity

tremor

postural instability

speech and swallow problems

non-motor symptoms of parkinsons

dementia

depression

psychosis

autonomic dysfunction

sleep dysfunction

pain

treatment for parkinsons

medication- synthetic dopamine

use of the environment to trigger movement

deep brain surgery

staying active

cause of huntingtons

genetic

huntingtons cell loss

basal ganglia

symptoms of huntingtons

chorea and tics

lack of coordination

unsteady gait

hallucinations

dementia

mood differences

is huntingtons hypokinetic or hyperkinetic?

hyperkinetic

huntingtons cure

none

cerebellar ataxia cause

progressive, degenerative, genetic

can be dominant or recessive

cerebellar ataxia cell loss

cerebellum

cerebellar ataxia symptoms

poor coordination

ataxic gait or reaching

difficulties in balance

difficulties with eye movements and tracking

dysmetria

decomposition

intention tremor

hypotonia

dysmetria

overshoot or undershoot when reaching for something

day 18 prenatal development

invagination of the ectoderm begins in the region of the primitive stream, forming the neural plate

day 20 prenatal development

neural plate folds upon itself forming the neural groove and the neural crest becomes distinct

day 22 prenatal development

the neural plate closes forming the neural tube

day 24 prenatal development

neural tube becomes the spinal cord, neural crest becomes dorsal root ganglion, anterior end becomes the brain, somites make musculature and skeleton

telencephalon

olfactory lobes, hippocampus, cerebrum

diencephalon

retina, epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

mesencephalon

midbrain

metencephalon

cerebellum and pons

myencephalon

medulla oblongata

brain is formed…

after 100 days

gyri and sulci develop by…

month 5

reflexes begin to develop by…

week 20-22

in prenatal development alcohol effects…

cognitive, social, motor, and attention development

postnatal development

no new neurons but trillions of new neuron connections

size of neurons increase through

dendritic branching and myelination

age 6-20

brain prunes, strengthens, and myelinates

occipital lobe formation

1 year

temporal and parietal lobes

6 years

frontal lobe

20-24 years

enriched environment

leads to dendritic growth

impoverished environment

leads to cell loss