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occipital lobe function
visual processing
temporal lobe function
speech comprehension
auditory processing
parietal lobe function
sensory integration
frontal lobe function
motor planning
executive functioning
amygdala function
emotion
hypothalamus function
regulates body function
hippocampus function
memory
thalamus function
sensory gateway
basal ganglia function
movement
reward
corpus callosum is also known as…
white matter tract
corpus callosum function
communication between left and right hemispheres
primary area of cortex
primary area
secondary area of cortex
premotor area
supplementary motor area
cingulate motor area
tertiary area of cortex
integrates sensory information, goal, action plan, past experience
PMA- premotor area
receives information from cerebellum
external initiation, sensory-driven
sensorimotor integration
SMA- supplementary motor area
motivation/desire
sudden insight
long term memory
M1- primary motor cortex
found in both hemispheres
large representation of hands and mouth
fine movements of fingers, hands, and speech
reaching, gait, balance, and posture
cerebellum function
sensorimotor integration
motor adaptation
motor learning
cerebrocerebellum- lateral hemispheres
projects to cortex
planning
precise movements
conscious evaluation of movement errors
spinocerebellum- intermediate areas
receives sensory input from the body
compares sensory input to intended movements and adjusts
vestibulocerebellum- flocculonodular
balance, posture
coordination of eye and head movements
ganglia
multiple nuclei doing the same function
brainstem function
automatic movements
area for motor tracks
tectospinal tract
head and eye movement
reticulospinal tract
trunk and proximal limb movements for locomotion and postural control
vestibulospinal tract
position of head and limbs to support posture and maintain balance
corticospinal tract
descending command for M1
individual finger movements
rubrospinal tract
redundant with corticospinal tract except for individual finger movements
thalamus
the relay station where everything runs through
sensory information processing
primary → secondary → tertiary
motor information processing
tertiary → secondary → primary
hair cells in the ear
sound waves deflect hair cells in cochlea opening channels
signal gets transferred through several brainstem centers ending in the cortex
vestibular system contains
three fluid-filled semicircular canals
otolith organs
located inside vestibular canals and contain the cupula and ampulla
ampulla
bottom is lined with hair cells
cupula
when the head moves, fludi moves, deflecting hair cells
vestibular system is important for
kinesthesis and balance
kinesthesis
knowing where you are in space
rods
dim light
cones
bright light and color
optic chiasm
left visual field from both eyes goes to the right and vice versa
visual signal transmission steps
starts at the eye → down through optic nerve → through optic optic chiasm → straight to thalamus(not through brainstem → primary visual cortex via optic radiation
saccades- eye movement
ballistic
basal ganglia
smooth pursuit- eye movements
tracking or anticipation
cerebellum
ventral visual stream
what something is
dorsal visual stream
where something is
ambient vision
dorsal
motion vision
not conscious
relatively fast
orientation of body in space
focal vision
ventral
object vision
conscious
relatively slow
shapes, colors, patterns
advance vision
gaining information prior to movement
example of advance vision
where an object is relative to self
feedforward vision
anticipating while moving
example of feedforward vision
reach and grasp an object
feedback vision
responding while moving
example of feedback vision
glass tips and you catch it
ALS
loss of motor neurons in motor cortex
stroke
blockage of blood vessels in the brain
MS
demyelination of corticospinal tract
spinal cord injury
partial or full injury to spinal cord
Parkinsons + Huntingtons
degeneration to basal ganglia
progressive supranuclear palsy
degeneration of cells in brainstem and cortical basal
cerebral palsy
degeneration of cells in the cortex
spinal cerebellar ataxia
degeneration fo cells in cerebellum
parkinsons cause
no clear cause
genetic
environmental (pesticides)
parkinsons cell loss
70-80% loss of cells in substantia nigra
is parkinsons hypokinetic or hyperkinetic?
hypokinetic
motor symptoms of parkinsons
bradykinesia
akinesia
rigidity
tremor
postural instability
speech and swallow problems
non-motor symptoms of parkinsons
dementia
depression
psychosis
autonomic dysfunction
sleep dysfunction
pain
treatment for parkinsons
medication- synthetic dopamine
use of the environment to trigger movement
deep brain surgery
staying active
cause of huntingtons
genetic
huntingtons cell loss
basal ganglia
symptoms of huntingtons
chorea and tics
lack of coordination
unsteady gait
hallucinations
dementia
mood differences
is huntingtons hypokinetic or hyperkinetic?
hyperkinetic
huntingtons cure
none
cerebellar ataxia cause
progressive, degenerative, genetic
can be dominant or recessive
cerebellar ataxia cell loss
cerebellum
cerebellar ataxia symptoms
poor coordination
ataxic gait or reaching
difficulties in balance
difficulties with eye movements and tracking
dysmetria
decomposition
intention tremor
hypotonia
dysmetria
overshoot or undershoot when reaching for something
day 18 prenatal development
invagination of the ectoderm begins in the region of the primitive stream, forming the neural plate
day 20 prenatal development
neural plate folds upon itself forming the neural groove and the neural crest becomes distinct
day 22 prenatal development
the neural plate closes forming the neural tube
day 24 prenatal development
neural tube becomes the spinal cord, neural crest becomes dorsal root ganglion, anterior end becomes the brain, somites make musculature and skeleton
telencephalon
olfactory lobes, hippocampus, cerebrum
diencephalon
retina, epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus
mesencephalon
midbrain
metencephalon
cerebellum and pons
myencephalon
medulla oblongata
brain is formed…
after 100 days
gyri and sulci develop by…
month 5
reflexes begin to develop by…
week 20-22
in prenatal development alcohol effects…
cognitive, social, motor, and attention development
postnatal development
no new neurons but trillions of new neuron connections
size of neurons increase through
dendritic branching and myelination
age 6-20
brain prunes, strengthens, and myelinates
occipital lobe formation
1 year
temporal and parietal lobes
6 years
frontal lobe
20-24 years
enriched environment
leads to dendritic growth
impoverished environment
leads to cell loss
Note 
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