Exam 2

what is the reticular activating system (RAS)

sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert

what inhibits the RAS

sleep centers, alcohol, and drugs

what is an electroencephalogram (EEG)

test that records electrical activity that accompanies brain function

what is associated with alpha waves

idling brain

what do delta waves indicate

brain damage in awake patinets

what is epilepsy

when a patient may lose consciousness, fall stiffly, and have uncontrollable jerking

what precedes a siezure

aura (sensory hallucination) also described as a halo

what are absent siezures

mild seizure in young children- expression goes blank for a few seconds to 2-3 minutes

what is a tonic-clonic seizure

when a patient loses consciousness, bones broken during intense convulsions, loss of bowel and bladder control, severe biting of tongue

what does loss of conscious signal

brain function is impaired

what is another term for fainting

syncope

what changes through phases of sleep

HR, respiratory rate, BP, and GI motility

what is the circadian rhythm

sleep-wake cycle

what can REM do

reverse learning process where superfluous information is purged from the brain

information is transferred from STM to LTM

what is narcolepsy

abrupt lapse into sleep from awake state

what is sleep apnea

sudden temporary cessation of breathing during sleep

usually seen in heavier patients

what are the three layers of the meninges

dura mater (superficial)

arachnoid mater

pia mater (deep)

what is meningitis

inflammation of the meninges

most commonly due to viral infection

what happens in the arachnoid mater

CSF produced by the plasma flows through the subarachnoid space and is reabsorbed by the arachnoid villi

where is CSF formed

by the blood plasma

what are the functions of the CSF

1. gives buoyancy to CNS structures

2. protects CNS from blows and other trauma

3. nourishes the brain and carries chemical signals

what is hydrocephalus

when an obstruction blocks CSF circulation or drainage

what can cross the BBB

fat-soluble substances

ex. alcohol, nicotine, and anesthetics

what cannot cross the BBB

metabolic wastes, proteins, toxins most drugs, small nonessential amino acids, and K+

where is the BBB not in the brain

in the vomiting center and hypothalamus

what is the least serious of traumatic brain injuries

concussion

what is subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage

may force the brain stem through the foramen magnum, resulting in death

what is ischemia

loss of blood supply to tissue

what is hypoxia

decreased oxygen supply to tissue

what is Alzheimer’s disease

a progressive degenerative disease of the brain that results in dementia

not fatal- the things that AD causes are fatal

what is a feature of AD

neurofibrillary tangles inside neurons kill them

what is Parkinson’s disease

degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons of the substantia nigra

how do you treat Parkinson’s disease

L-dopa, deep brain stimulation, and gene therapy

what are some symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

shuffling gate, pill-rolling tremor at rest, cog wheel rigidity

what is Huntington’s disease

a genetic disease that is caused by the accumulation of a protein huntingtin

initial symptoms are wild, jerky “flapping” movements

where do you insert the needle to treat meningitis

lowest part of the spinal chord as possible- between L3 and L4

where does the filum terminale extend

to the coccyx

anchors the spinal cord

what are the parts of the spinal cord

8 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

what do first-order neurons do

conduct impulses from cutaneous receptors and proprioceptors

synapse with second-order neurons

what do second-order neurons do

synapse in the thalamus or cerebellum

what do third- order neurons do

cell body is in the thalamus

extend to the somatosensory cortex

what is paresthesia

sensory loss with pins and needles sensation

what is paralysis

loss of function

what is flaccid paralysis

where there is no voluntary or involuntary control of muscles

muscle atrophy

what is spastic paralysis

damage to upper motor neurons

where there is no voluntary control of muscles

what are characteristics of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

ascending paralysis

first have loss of control in bowel and bladder

why do you take folic acid when pregnant

to prevent spinal bifida

what maternal exposure can lead to harm in developing CNS

radiation, drugs, alcohol and opiates, or infection

what are teratogens

substances that cause harm to the embryo

what is glaucoma

blocked drainage of the aqueous humor

an emergent disease

what are cataracts

clouding of the lens

caused by heavy smoking

what is the parasympathetic nervous system

rest and digest

what is visceral pain

perceived pain outside of affected area

what is horner’s syndrome

loss of sympathetic innervation to an eye

what are symptoms of Horner’s syndrome

ptosis- drooping eyelid

anhidrosis- no lubrication of the eye

miosis- constricted pupil

PAM is Horny

what is a way to remember the cranial nerves

on, on, on they travelled and found voldemort guarding very ancient horcruxes

how to remember the function of the cranial nerves

some say marry money, but my brother says big brains matter more

what is cranial nerve 1

olfactory nerve

smell

sensory (olfactory) function

what is cranial nerve 2

optic nerve

crosses the optic chiasma

sensory (visual) function

what is cranial nerve 3

oculomotor nerve

constricts the iris and controls lens shape

motor

what does LR6SO4AO3 mean

lateral rectus 6, superior oblique 4, all others 3

what is cranial nerve 5

trigeminal nerve

larges cranial nerve, fibers extend from the pons to the face

some infections (herpes, chicken pox) live in this nerve

what is trigeminal neuralgia

inflammation of the trigeminal nerve

what is cranial nerve 6

abducens nerve

controls eyes

motors

what is cranial nerve 7

the facial nerve

controls facial expressions and sensory function from anterior two-thirds of the tongue

what is Bell’s Palsy

decreased wrinkling in the eyes and nasal labial fold

can be post viral

can be due to trauma

what is cranial nerve 8

vestibulocochlear nerve

hearing and balance

what are the otoliths

ear stones

what is cranial nerve 9

the glossopharyngeal nerve

taste in the posterior one third tongue

what is cranial nerve 10

the vagus nerve

only cranial nerve that extends beyond the head and neck region

parasympathetic innervation

what is cranial nerve 11

the accessory nerves

what is cranial nerve 12

the hypoglossal nerve

swallowing and speech

what are the special senses

taste, smell, sight, hearing, touch

what is a characteristic of taste

gustatory cells

CN 7 and 9 to medulla oblongata

what is chalazion

when the glands between eyelashes fill up

what is the route to see color

cone → bipolar cell → ganglion cell → axon of ganglion cell

what is another word for ear wax

cerumen

what does the eustachian tube do

releases pressure through the ear

what are the functions of the nervous system

sensory input, integration, motor output

what are the afferent and efferent nerves

sensory and motor

what are the parts of the autonomic nervous system

sympathetic- fight or flight, and parasympathetic- rest and digest

what are the neroglia

astrocytes (CNS)

microglial cells (CNS)

ependymal cells (CNS)

oligodendrocytes (CNS)

satellite cells (PNS)

Schwann cells (PNS)

what are astrocytes

most abundant cell, support and brace neurons

what are microglia

migrate towards injured neruons

phagocytize microorganisms and neuronal debris

what is caseous necrosis

when the microglia become cheese like texture to create an uninhabitable environment for microorganisms

what are ependymal cells

form permeable barrier between CSF in cavities and tissue fluid bathing CNS cells

what are oligodendrocytes

processes wrap CNS nerve fibers and form myelin sheaths, cap end of axons so it can’t regrow

what are satellite cells

surround neuron cell bodies in the PNS, function similar to astrocytes of CNS

what are schwann cells

for myelin in the PNS

what are nissl bodies

rough ER in the Neuron cell body

what are the nodes of ranvier

gaps in the myelin sheath between adjacent Schwann cells

what is white matter

myelinated axons

what is gray matter

non-myelinated axons

what are bipolar neurons

retina and olfactory mucosa

what are interneurons

the association neurons that lie between the motor and sensory neurons

what sets the membrane potential

K+

what is multiple sclerosis

autoimmune disease that destroys the myelin sheaths in the CNS

what are the symptoms of MS

visual disturbances (double vision), weakness, loss of muscular control, speech disturbances, and urinary incontinence

how do you treat MS

frugs that modify immune system’s activity

what causes voltage-gated channels to open

Ca2+