18 - Psychiatric Disorders Flashcards

Key vocabulary from a lecture on psychiatric disorders, based on Biopsychology (10th edition) by John P. Pinel and Steven J. Barnes.

Psychiatric disorders

Disorders of psychological function sufficiently severe to require treatment.

DSM 5

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; the standard classification system for psychiatric diagnoses.

Schizophrenia

A severe psychiatric disorder marked by disruptions in thought, perception, and behavior, including psychosis.

Positive symptoms

Symptoms of schizophrenia involving the presence of abnormal behaviors, such as hallucinations and delusions.

Negative symptoms

Symptoms of schizophrenia involving the absence or reduction of normal behaviors, such as social withdrawal and lack of motivation.

Antipsychotic drug

Medications used to treat symptoms of psychosis, particularly in schizophrenia.

Chlorpromazine

The first widely used antipsychotic drug

Psychosis

A mental state characterized by a loss of contact with reality, including hallucinations and delusions.

Reserpine

An early drug found to have antipsychotic effects by depleting monoamines like dopamine.

Haloperidol

One of the most potent anti psychotic drugs of its day, it had a relatively low affinity for dopamine receptors and was used to treat schizophrenia.

Phenothiazines

A class of typical antipsychotic drugs including chlorpromazine that bind to both D1 and D2 dopamine receptors

Butyrophenones

Another class of typical antipsychotics, including haloperidol, that bind effectively to D2 receptors but not D1 receptors

Typical antipsychotics

First-generation antipsychotic drugs primarily effective against positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

Atypical antipsychotics

Second-generation antipsychotic drugs that target a broader range of symptoms and have fewer motor side effects.

Clozapine

First atypical antipsychotic to be approved for clinical use.

Psychedelic drugs

Substances that alter perception, mood, and cognition, sometimes studied for psychiatric applications.

Depressive Disorders

A group of disorders characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest.

Anhedonia

The inability to experience pleasure, commonly seen in depression.

Clinical depression (major depressive disorder)

A mood disorder with persistent and severe depressive symptoms.

Reactive depression

Depression triggered by external events or stressors.

Endogenous depression

Depression arising from internal biological factors rather than external events.

Comorbid

The co-occurrence of two or more disorders in the same individual.

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

A type of depression related to seasonal changes, often occurring in winter.

Peripartum depression

Depression occurring during or after pregnancy.

Iproniazid

the first antidepressant drug, was originally developed for the treatment of tuberculosis

MAO inhibitors

Drugs that inhibit monoamine oxidase, increasing levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine.

Cheese effect

A dangerous hypertensive reaction caused by consuming tyramine-rich foods while on MAO inhibitors.

Tricyclic antidepressants

An older class of antidepressants that block reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.

Imipramine

A tricyclic antidepressant used to treat depression.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Antidepressants that selectively block serotonin reuptake, increasing its availability.

Fluoxetine

the first SSRI to be developed.

Atypical antidepressants

Antidepressants that do not fit into other categories, often with unique mechanisms.

Ketamine

An dissociative hallucinogen drug with rapid antidepressant effects even at low doses.

Up-regulation

The increase in receptor number or sensitivity in response to decreased neurotransmitter levels.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

A noninvasive brain stimulation technique used to treat depression.

Bipolar Disorders

Mood disorders characterized by alternating episodes of mania and depression.

Bipolar disorder

A disorder involving cycles of mania and depression.

Hypomania

A milder form of mania with elevated mood and increased activity but less impairment.

Mania

An intense period of elevated mood, energy, and activity.

Bipolar disorder type II

Bipolar disorder with hypomanic and depressive episodes but no full mania.

Bipolar disorder type I

Bipolar disorder with full manic episodes, often alternating with depression.

Mixed state

A mood state featuring symptoms of both mania and depression simultaneously.

Mood stabilizers

Medications used to treat bipolar disorder by stabilizing mood swings.

Lithium

A classic mood stabilizer effective in treating mania and preventing mood episodes.

Anxiety Disorders

Disorders characterized by excessive fear or anxiety.

Anxiety

A state of apprehension or fear in response to potential threats.

Anxiety disorder

A group of psychiatric disorders marked by chronic anxiety and related symptoms.

Generalized anxiety disorder

An anxiety disorder involving excessive, uncontrollable worry about various aspects of life.

Specific phobia

An intense, irrational fear of a object or situation.

Agoraphobia

The pathological fear of public places and open spaces

Panic disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent panic attacks.

Panic attacks

Sudden episodes of intense fear accompanied by physical symptoms.

Benzodiazepines

A class of anxiolytic drugs that enhance GABA activity to reduce anxiety.

Anxiolytic drugs

Medications used to reduce anxiety.

Elevated plus maze test

An animal behavioral test used to assess anxiety.

Defensive burying test

An animal test measuring defensive behavior as an anxiety indicator.

Risk assessment test

A behavioral test evaluating anxiety-related risk-taking.

Touretteʼs Disorder

A neurological disorder characterized by involuntary tics.

Touretteʼs disorder

A disorder involving multiple motor and vocal tics beginning in childhood.

Tics

Sudden, repetitive, involuntary movements or vocalizations.

Translational research

Research aimed at applying basic scientific findings to develop clinical treatments.

Clinical trials

Systematic studies in humans to test the safety and efficacy of new treatments.

Active placebos

Placebos that produce side effects similar to the drug being tested to improve trial blinding.

Orphan drugs

Medications developed for rare diseases or conditions.

Translational bottleneck

The challenge of moving discoveries from basic research into effective clinical treatments.