M1: Fundamentals of Wastewater Engineering: IntEnSE RC

Wastewater Engineering

is that branch of environmental engineering in which the

basic principles of science and engineering are applied to the problems issues associated

with the collection, treatment, and reuse of wastewater.

Wastewater Engineering

It primarily deals with the transportation and cleaning of sewage or consumed water (blackwater, greywater, and irrigation water).

Wastewater

Water supply of the community after it has been used in a variety of applications.

Sewage

A type of wastewater that is produced by a community of people.

Protection of the environment in a manner commensurate with economic, social, and political concerns.

What is the ultimate goal of wastewater engineering?

1. Reduce the pollution loading

2. Compliance with the government standards mandated by DENR and/or LLDA

3. Sustainable development

What are the specific objectives of wastewater engineering?

Sewage Treatment

Process of removing contaminants from wastewater primarily from household sewage.

Sewage Treatment

Includes primary (mechanical), secondary (biological), and advanced (chemical / physical) processes to purify water.

Sewage Treatment

The byproduct of this process is semi-solid waste or slurry called sewage sludge and effluent.

Sewage Sludge

The solid, semi-solid, or slurry byproduct that remains after sewage treatment processes, primarily from the primary and secondary treatment stages.

Effluent

The liquid byproduct that is discharged from a wastewater treatment plant after the sewage or wastewater has been treated.

Effluent

It is the treated liquid that typically flows into rivers, lakes, or oceans, but it may still contain some level of pollutants depending on the treatment level.

Biosolids

a form of treated sewage sludge that has undergone further processing to make it safer for use or disposal.

Biosolids

The solid, organic material produced during the sewage treatment process, specifically after the sewage sludge has been treated to remove pathogens and reduce odors.

1. Sewage Sludge

2. Effluent

The byproducts of Sewage treatment are?

1. Removal of suspended and floatable material

2. Treatment of biodegradable organics

3. Elimination of pathogenic organisms

Sewage treatment objectives are?

Water Pollution

Occurs when a body of water is adversely affected due to large amounts of materials to the water.

Pollution

Introduction of substances to the environment at levels leading to lost beneficial use of a resource.

Water Pollution

Occurs when water becomes unfit for its intended use.

Load

Mass flux of a pollutant and is expressed as mass per unit time (kg/day).

Pollution

refers to the introduction of harmful substances or pollutants into the environment (air, water, soil) that cause harm or discomfort to living organisms.

Contamination

refers to the presence of unwanted substances (not necessarily harmful on their own) in an environment, material, or product. These substances may or may not cause harm, but their presence is undesirable.

Water Quality Management

To control water pollution from human activity so water is not degraded to disuse.

Water Quality Management

Control of pollution from human activity so that the water is not degraded to the point that it is no longer suitable for intended use.

1. Point Sources

2. Non-point Sources

What are the types of water pollution according to sources?

Point Source Pollution

Pollutants discharged from a single identifiable location (e.g., pipes, ditches, channels, sewers, tunnels, containers of various types).

Point Source Pollution

Pollution that enters a body of water from a specific source.

Point Source Pollution

Pollution that is easier to monitor, regulate, and treat because the origin is clear.

Point Source Pollution

Discharge from sewage treatment plant is an example of what pollution?

Point Source Pollution

Wastewater from an industrial factory is an example of what pollution?

Point Source Pollution

Leaks from oil pipelines or storage tanks are examples of what pollution?

Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA) of 1972

Under the _____ some animal feeding operations (AFO) may be designated as a point source.

Animal Feeding Operations (AFO)

Facilities where animals are fed and confined for 45 days or more in any 12-consecutive month period.

1. All Animal Feeding Operations (AFO) with 1000 animal units (1 animal unit=450kg of live animal mass) or more

2. AFOs with 300-1000 animal unit that discharge directly or indirectly to surface waters.

3. Any AFO found to contribute significantly to surface water pollution.

An AFO can be classified as CAFO if meets one of these. Enumerate the three.

Non-point Source Pollution

water pollution that does not have a specific point of origin.

Non-point Source Pollution

pollution that comes from many sources rather than from a single, specific site.

Non-point Source Pollution

Occurs as water moves across the land or thru the ground and picks up natural and human-made pollutants.

Non-point Source Pollution

Water pollution that is characterized by multiple discharge points; harder to control and treat.

Non-point Source Pollution

Run-off from agricultural land is a significant example of what type of water pollution?

Non-point Source Pollution

Sediments, nutrients, and waste from forestry and construction sites are significant example of what type of water pollution?

Deuteronomy 23:12-13

What is the oldest written account of sewage disposal from the Old Testament of the Bible?

Minoan Culture on the Island of Crete (1500-1700 BCE)

Developed one of the earliest known sanitation and plumbing systems.

Knossos

Capital city of the Minoans, had a central courtyard with baths that were filled and emptied using terracotta pipes.

Terracotta Pipes

Pipes made from a type of clay fired at high temperature to become strong, durable, and water-resistant.

Knossos

Also the 1st place in Europe where "flush" toilets actually functioned.

Chamber pots (500 BC)

Potable containers used for relieving oneself.

"Missile of Mirth"

The act of tossing the contents of chamber pots out of windows onto the streets below.

Flushed Community Latrines

Developed by ancient Romans; Public sanitation facilities where human waste is disposed of using water and typically shared by multiple people in a community.

Xylospongium (Tersorium)

Sponge on a stick; hygienic utensil used by ancient Romans to wipe their anus after defecating; wooden stick with a sea sponge fixed at one end.

Cloaca Maxima (Great Sewer)

World's oldest known sewer system, built in ancient Rome around the 6th century BCE.

Effluvia

Unpleasant odor of the sewers

Effluvium

Latin word meaning "a flowing out". A noxious or ill-smelling exhalation from decaying or putrefying matter.

Night soil

a euphemism for human feces collected at night from cesspools, privies, etc. and sometimes used as fertilizer.

Royal Commission on River Pollution

It was established in the United Kingdom during the 19th century (1865) to address increasing concerns about water pollution caused by industrialization and urbanization.

Lawrence Experiment Station in Massachusetts

This is where the first experiments with aeration were performed at.

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)

A system established by the EPA that requires those who discharge pollutants to obtain a permit, the granting of which is based on limits and pretreatments

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)

Program established in the US under Clean Water Act (CWA); administered by the EPA, it regulates the discharge of pollutants into US waters to ensure water quality.

Section 402 of the Clean Water Act

Describes the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES); facilities that discharge pollutants directly into surface waters must obtain an NPDES permit.

1. Conventional Pollutants

2. Toxic Pollutants

3. Non-conventional Pollutants

What are the classes of pollutants based on USA EPA CWA?

Conventional Pollutants

aka "criteria pollutants"; sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, particulates, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, photochemical oxidants, lead, carbon dioxide

Conventional Pollutants

Common pollutants typically found in a wastewater and can harm water quality.

Toxic Pollution

Substances harmful to human health or the environment, even at low concentrations.

Non-conventional Pollution

Pollutants that don't fall into the conventional or toxic categories but still require regulation.

1. Priority Pollutants (126)

2. Nonconventional Toxic Pollutants

Toxic pollutants are divided into two which are?

Priority Pollutants

List of 126 specific toxic substances regulated under the CWA.

Nonconventional Toxic Pollutants

Other toxic substances not categorized as conventional.

1. Arsenic (As)

2. Mercury (Hg)

3. Lead (Pb)

4. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

5. Dioxins

6. Chlorinated Pesticides

7. Toluene

8. Benzene

9. Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

10. Cadmium (Cd)

Top 10 of the 126 Priority Pollutants

Sewage

Community's spent or consumed water

Sewage

This term is often used to refer to wastewater but is more properly applied to domestic (household) wastewater.

Water: 99.9%

Total Solid: 0.1%

Wastewater constitutes:

Water: 99.94%

Total Solid: 0.06%

According to Water Pollution Control Federation (1980), wastewater is ___ by weight and ___ solids (suspended and dissolved).

Influent

Raw wastewater coming into a treatment plant.

Effluent

The treated water discharged from a wastewater treatment plant

Domestic (Sewage) Wastewater

Or sanitary sewage consists of domestic waste and small amounts of industrial wastes. the one that originates in the sanitary conveniences of a dwelling, residences, commercial, institutional and similar facilities.

Industrial Wastewater

wastewater in which industrial wastes predominate (i.e. waste from industrial process such as brewing, dyeing, etc.); contain high strength waste, may have to be pretreated to make them safe to discharge to the collection system.

Storm Sewage

liquid flowing in sewers during or following a period of rainfall and resulting from precipitation run-off.

Combined Wastewater

Consists of a combination of sanitary wastewater and storm water runoff. All the wastewater and storm water of the community is transported through one system to the treatment plant.

Inflow

Water discharged into sewer pipes or service connections from sources such as roof leaders,

Steady Inflow

type of inflow that is steady and is identified and measured along with infiltration. Examples are water discharged from cellar and foundation drains, cooling water discharges, and drains from springs and swampy areas.

Infiltration

Groundwater entering the sewers and building connections thru defective joints and broken or cracked pipe and manholes.

Direct Inflow

those type of inflow that have a direct stormwater runoff connection to the sanitary sewer and cause an almost immediate increase in wastewater flows. Ex: water from roof leaders, yard and areaway drains, manhole covers, and combined sewers.

Total Inflow

the sum of the direct inflow at any point in the system plus any flow discharged from the system upstream through overflows and pumping station bypasses.

Delayed Inflow

stormwater that may require several days or more to drain through the sewer system. This category can include the discharge of sump pumps from cellar drainage as well as the slowed entry of surface water through manholes in ponded areas

Gray Water

Consumed water in the kitchen, bathroom, and laundry

Black Water

Water from flush toilet (feces and urine)

Yellow Water

Urine separated from toilet and urinals

Brown Water

Black water without yellow water

Stale Water

H2S, dark gray, contains recognizable solids; Water that has not flowed recently and may have picked up tastes and odors from distribution lines or storage facilities.

BOD: 300-500 mg/L

TSS: 300 mg/L

COD: 500-1000 mg/L

Range of BOD, TSS, and COD of Domestic Waste.

Industrial Wastewater

Wastewater with extremely high or low pH, color and high temperatures, high heavy metals and inorganic chemicals (Phenols)

• Organic

• Inorganic (Sand, Grit, & Metal Chips)

What are the compositions of solid in sewage?

Protein: 40-60%

Carbohydrates: 30-50%

Fats & Oil: 10%

Nutrients

What is the organic compositions of solids of sewage?

Precision

Refers to the reproducibility of an analytic technique when it is repeated on a homogenous sample. It is without regard to the actual value.

Accuracy

Correspondence between the measured value and the actual value.

Arithmetic Method

Population projection method where the rate of growth is always constant.

Geometric Method

Population projection method where the rate of growth follows a geometric or logarithmic relationship

Curvilinear Method

involves graphical projection of the past population of the past population growth curve, following whatever tendencies the graph indicates.

Logistic Method

The logistic curve used in modeling population trends has an S shape. The hypothesis of logistic growth may be tested by plotting recorded population data on logistic paper.

Declining growth

assumes that the city has a limiting saturation population, and its rate of growth is a function of its population deficits.

1. Size of the city

2. Industry and commerce

3. Characteristics of the population

4. Metering of water

5. Miscellaneous factor (i.e. climate, quality, pressure, system maintenance, conservation programs)

Factors affecting water use