HIST 1301: Unit 1- Colonial Era

What allowed for people to first settle in the Americas?

the Bearing Strait, the land bridge connecting Asia and North America

Where were the strongest Native societies located?

Latin America

What were the strongest Native societies, and why?

the Incan, Mayan, Aztec Empires; had strong military and architectural powers

Whose territory was Tenochtitlan in?

Aztec territory

Who were the first Europeans in America?

the Vikings, finding Greenland, Iceland, and Canada without telling the rest of Europe

When did Columbus discover the Americas for the rest of Europe?

1492

What did Columbus' discovery set off?

the Age of Exploration, as different European nations set out to explore and claim parts of the New World and new riches

Which European powers had the strongest start in the Age of Exploration?

Spain and Portugal

What tactics did Spain use to conquer Latin American territory?

The Requerimiento and military conquest

What was the Requerimiento?

a cultural borrowing from the Moors, as Spaniards could either submit willingly or unwillingly to Moors when Spain was occupied; this tactic alongside better weaponry was used when colonizing Native Americans through military conquest

What was the Reconquista, and when did it end?

the Moorish invasion of Spain, ending in 1492

What tactics did France use when conquering land in the New World?

formal ceremonies of possession with local Native tribes to establish trading connections

Who did France send over to the New World when claiming land?

traders and priests

What product did the French use to make a product in the New World?

the fur trade from deer and beavers

Did the French coexist or fully take over the Native American tribes?

the French and Natives coexisted through trade and adapting to Native lifestyles, therefore leaving a light mark on the land

What tactics did the Netherlands and Portugal use to claim ownership of parts of the New World?

navigational charting (mapping) and exploration

What tactics did England use to colonize the New World?

enclosing and cultivating land

How did England enclose and cultivate claimed land?

sending entire families as colonists, wanting to make a demonstrable change in the landscape to show that it was their land and that their culture was copied in the New World

What is "virgin land?"

forests or land that are untouched

Why did England have a late start in the New World?

1. Tudors consolidating power at home

2. Repelling Spanish attacks in the 1500s

3. Pacification of Ireland

What was the Magna Carta of 1215?

document with the idea that the state is not all-powerful and has limited power was revolutionary

Why did King John have to sign the Magna Carta of 1215?

barons wanted him to recognize that his constituents have rights he can't take away or abuse

What was the Protestant Reformation?

Protestant reformers came along in 1500s bc they didn't know if catholic worship and belief was biblical, eventually creating a major splintering in the Church

When did Martin Luther post his 95 Thesis?

October 31, 1517

What did Martin Luther believe?

as a German monk, he lived in dire fear of the fate of his soul and was convicted by his sinfulness, leading to the belief in Sola Scriptura instead of faith + works

What was Protestantism in general at the beginning of the Protestant Reformation?

was "protesting" against flaws and abuses in the church; started out trying to reform from inside

What factor influenced if a region eventually leaned towards Catholicism or Protestantism?

how close they were to Rome geographically

What was another driving force behind the Protestant Reformation?

the printing press, as it made the Bible far more accessible and took out Catholic clergymen as the middle-men to interpreting the Bible

What was the Glorious Revolution?

When the Reign of Catholic James II (Stuarts) ended and William & Mary stepped in; was largely bloodless revolution in England

What was the significance of Jamestown, Virginia?

it was the first successful English colony, being established in 1607

Why is Jamestown called "corporate socialism?"

Jamestown was private venture that backing corporations wanted return on investment from; once the colonists were "seasoned" to the climate and local illnesses, they had to produce enough to be able to sell crops

Which major colonial leader established the rule of "He who will not work shall not eat," from the Bible?

John Smith, as the corporate socialism model was making settlers lazy because all of the resources were being spread out evenly

Who bred a milder strain of tobacco in Jamestown?

John Rolfe

What 3 major events occurred in Virginia from 1619-1620?

1. House or Burgesses established

2. Purchase of "20 and odd [African slaves]" (was introduction into Anglo-American ownership of slaves)

3. Arrival of first "Tobacco Brides" (90 single women from England who were wanting to find husbands and make families; AS OF THEIR OWN VOLITION)

How did indentured servitude work in Virginia during the 1600s?

- if you wanted to go to Virginia but couldn't afford it, you would sign contract to sell your labor for 5-7 years to someone who would pay for your way across and take care of you until your contract is over

- was more affordable than owning slaves and was socially easier since the indentured slaves had the same culture and language as the owner

Why were indentured slaves replaced by involuntary slaves?

people started to live longer in Virginia, and the indentured slaves were having to be replaced

What was the law in Europe regarding who could become a slave?

one couldn't enslave another Christian, but that had to be replaced as slaves were being converted to Christianity; law eventually became that enslaved mothers gave birth to slaves

What was Bacon's Rebellion?

burned Jamestown to the ground in rebellion, as a group of indentured servants wanted to move westward into freedom, were protesting against the higher taxes, and were protesting against the lower tobacco prices

Who was Nathaniel Bacon?

lesser noble that wanted to become leader in Virginian government; emerged as a leader of western settlers expanding west from Virginia, leading a band of rebels westward against the will of the Virginian government

What was the result of Bacon's Rebellion?

it made slavery look even more attractive, as the slaves would be noticeably different and wouldn't be able to work their way into freedom

What did the Puritans in New England believe?

Church of England wasn't far enough divulsion from Catholic Church; were part of the Calvinist denomination, as they believe salvation is predestined

What did Puritan New England strive for?

wanted to be biblically faithful Christians, as they wanted to "purify" Church of England from elements of Catholicism

How did Separatists earn their name?

they wanted to be separate from Church of England (are fully part of Puritan Church, but believe more extreme forms of views)

Why did the Pilgrims come to America?

religious freedom

Where did the Pilgrims eventually land after they were thrown off course?

they landed on Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts, having sailed on the Mayflower

Where were the Pilgrims supposed to land?

Long Island, at the mouth of the Hudson River

Why did the Pilgrims create the Mayflower Compact to govern themselves?

they landed outside of England's chartered land, so they therefore didn't have any governance over them in order to keep law and order

How many Pilgrims survived the first winter (the winter of 1619-1620)?

only 50/100 of the men, women, and children there

When was the first Thanksgiving after Squanto and Samoset's tribe helped with the first harvest?

the fall of 1621

What is a major theme in Plymouth that was also occurring in Jamestown?

Plymouth was also a private venture, with private companies wanting to make a profit off Plymouth; the corporate socialism that the private companies used was overthrown by William Bradford, dividing the land among the families

What was John Winthrop's 1630 fleet?

large amount of ships that landed all across New England coast

What was the geographical distinction between the Pilgrims and Puritans?

Pilgrims = Plymouth; Puritans = Massachusetts Bay

What colony was the combination of Pilgrims and Puritans?

Massachusetts as a colony/state

What did John Winthrop want Massachusetts to be like?

a city upon a hill, setting up a godly society and sending that concept back to England

What was King Philip's War?

1675-1676 violent frontier conflict where the Christian son of Samoset was murdered by other Natives, with English settlers and their Native allies vs. Other Natives

How many English colonists died in King Philip's War?

1 in 10 English colonists

Who was the leader of the opposing Natives?

Metacomet "King Philip"

What marked the end of King Philip's War?

death of Metacomet in battle; was killed in battle by colonial rangers led by Benjamin Church

What was the goal of The Salem Witch Trials 1692?

wanted to end "consorting with the devil," which would be used to "hurt other ppl"

What is the irony of the Salem Witch Trials?

young girls that were caught dabbling in the occult said that other ppl were using black magic on them, forcing them to also do magic

What type of evidence wasn't allowed in English court, but was admissible in America during the Salem Witch Trials?

spectral evidence

Who was Connecticut founded by?

Thomas Hooker and his people

What did you have to be a part of in order to vote?

to vote, you had to be a fully-vetted church member

What was the founding city of Connecticut?

Hartford

What was The Fundamental Order of Connecticut?

the first full, written constitution, which allowed non-church members to vote

Who founded Rhode Island?

Rev. Roger Williams

What did Rev. Williams advocate for when founding Rhode Island?

separation of church and state; believed that the state cannot force you to be a good Christian/Puritan and thought it was unbiblical

Why did the colonial government issue arrest warrants for Rev. Williams?

his use of free speech; he fled Massachusetts Bay and formed Rhode Island

Did Rev. Williams have a positive or negative relationship with neighboring Native tribes?

positive

What was Pennsylvania thought of as?

William Penn's "Holy Experiment"

What religious group founded Pennsylvania?

the Quakers

How did the Quakers do things differently than other American Christian denominations?

1. Had meeting houses instead of churches

2 Believed in passivism (there wasn't even an official militia until the mid 18th century)

3. Everyone was equal before God, so everyone was treated the same way

Why were William Penn Sr. and William Penn Jr. offered the colony of Pennsylvania?

King Charles was in great financial debt to Penn Sr. when he passed away, so the King offered Penn Jr. the colony as compensation

What was the main difference between the Puritans and Quakers?

the Puritans want religious freedom for themselves, while Quakers want that for everyone

Which other religious group besides the Quakers did Pennsylvania have a large population of?

German Lutheran (Pennsylvania Dutch) colonists

Why is Philadelphia called the City of Brotherly Love?

William Penn wanted to give that brotherly love to the Native Americans, creating a time of peace in Pennsylvania with the local tribes until the French & Indian War

Which group was Maryland a refuge for?

English Catholics (hence the colony being names after the Virgin Mary)

Who founded Maryland?

George and Cecil Calvert (Lord Baltimore)

What cash crop was heavily produced in Maryland?

tobacco

What were the 3 main regions of the 13 colonies?

New England, Middle Colonies, Southern Colonies

What colonies constituted New England?

New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut

What was New England's economy based on?

its rocky soil, pine forests, ocean-based industry (fishing, ship-building, merchants who transport goods)

What colonies constituted the Middle Colonies?

New York and Pennsylvania

What were the Middle Colonies' economies based on?

family farming due to the rich soil, with great diversity in agriculture, economy, nationalities, Christian denominations, and Jewish communities driving prosperity

Which colonies constituted the Southern Colonies?

Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

Which church denomination was concentrated in the Southern Colonies?

very English and Anglican in nature; loyal to the Crown, hence the naming after English rulers

What were the economies of the Southern Colonies dependent upon?

agrarian in nature, and especially dependent in key cash crops and slaved labor; South Carolina was focused on rice plants and Georgia had a large concentration of debtors in order to drive up their population

What ideal was Virginia controlled by?

hegemonic liberty; "your right to rule"

Which English group were the southern colonies settled by?

English cavaliers and their servants, dominated by their large-land estates

What ideal did East Anglian Puritans live by?

ordered liberty; "your right to do right"

What controlled the economy in Puritan New England (East Anglican Puritans)?

maritime industries

What was life defined by in Puritan New England (East Anglican Puritans)?

the town you lived in; liberty was a collective idea

What ideal did the North Midland Quakers live by?

reciprocal liberty; "freedom for me and freedom for thee"

What ideal did the North British Borderers (Appalachia) live by?

natural liberty; "you're not the boss of me"

Why were the North British Borderers looked down upon?

they originated from the border area of England, then moved to the American border

How did the North British Borderers live in both England and Appalachia?

mostly subsistence farming; went from being border ppl in England to border ppl in America, being pitted against the Scottish and the Native Americans

What was the Great Awakening?

religious revival; period of renewed religious interest and enthusiasm

What made the Great Awakening such an impactful time for religiosity?

life had been easing up, so therefore religious belief was easing up; the Great Awakening acted as a tidal wave of religious fervor

Who was Rev. Jonathan Edwards?

New England born and bred pastor who taught at many different churches

What did Rev. Jonathan Edwards do throughout his career?

became president of College of New Jersey (Princeton University); avid writer and preacher, becoming one of the most important intellectuals coming from the American forefront