Public Speaking: Key Concepts, Techniques, and Outline Strategies

Most common mistakes

expressing ideas clearly , Organizing messages Expressing ideas concisely Using evidence Using aspeaking voice Controlling anxiety Listening effectively 1

Importance of Public Speaking

dozen occupations have a direct interest

Famous speakers earn high pay

influential factor in picking political candidatel

Many students are deficient

Meaning

Primary concern of communciation

social constant

based on experience

Social construction theory

dependent on our thinking habits and our communication abilities.

What is reality based on

(1) real" reality,

(2) individual perception of reality,

(3) society'sperception of reality can affect our ability to be objective, rational, and realistic.

Perception

we hypothesize about messages, which we then accept or reject on the basis of personal constructs based on prior learning and experience

assign meaning to messages

Causes of perception

Sensation(Stimulation of sense organ)

Interperation of that Sense

Mood/Set

readiness to perceive a stimulus in a certain way, affects our ability to perceive and to accept a stimulus

Completeness

Desire to make things whole and fill in missing peices with our brain

Mental Set

your readiness to interpret a message in a certain way

Phenomneal/ Experiential Field

meaning thathumans exist in a sea of experiences—bothconscious and unconscious,

center of our world

Verbal model

uses written/spoken word

Verbal Pictoral Model

Verbal model+ pictures

Ross Transactional Model

Dynamic, Two way

particpants continously send and receive messages at same time

uses feedback loops with tones/expressions

Context

the framework of other words or ideas into which yours fit

Encoding and Decoding in transactional model

encoder puts it into language and decoder tries to extract meaning from it from storage of knowlage and memories

What should you do depending on the audience

Encode the information differently

Feedback

what the receiver provides to the speaker to let him or her know how the message is coming across to the audience, and allows the speaker to make adjustments

How to be confident

1. Everyone has anxeity, not a performance indicator

2. audience wants your success

3. Prepare, use outlines

4.rehearse

5. Don't apologize

6. Visualize doing well

How to prepare a speech

1. Pick a topic/title

2. Pick a purpose

3.. Thesis Statement

The Topic

Use, major, interest, events, hobbies, and problems

Title

Consolidate thoughts, promote interest/ fit audience(no long titles)

Purposes

Inform- clarity, interest, understanding

Persuade- belief, action, stimulation( more devotion to what they already like)

Entertain- Interest, Enjoyment, humor

How to make a purpose

clear/concise,

no imagery, simile, metaphor, questions

can be fulfilled within the allotted time

Thesis

Central idea, expansion of specific purpose, complete sentence

Gathering Materials

Interviews, Library (book index and readers' guide to lit help you find books), encyclopedias, and a dictionary

Note Taking

one source per note card, short summaries, key words

Reliability of a source

1. Can the material be altered by anyone other than the owner of the site?

2. Is this the official website of a reputable organization?

3. Are the materials updated regularly?

4. What is the site's suffix? (.edu, .gov)

Forms of Support-identify soruce

Illustration/Example

Analogy/Comparison

Statistics- make concrete, meaningful, related-use with other things

Quotes accurately and in context

Restatement

Testiomony

The Intro

secure attention,

establish cred,

assure fair hearing(that they gonna listen),

orient audience to subject

The body

Main points with 2-3 supports, persuasive has influence and needs evidence for viewpoints

Rhetorical Tips for points

Two-5 main points- length

points fit thesis

equal merit

Types of point ordder

Chronolgical Order(historical,big timeframe)

Diffuclty Order( thechnical Topics)

Spatial Order( geographic/physicical)

Logical order( obvious, cause/effect)

Need-plan order: need is the problem, then the solution is presented as a plan

Topical Order

Preveiw

Announcing in advance how main points are connected( last in intro)

Transtions

Go between points

Internal preview

Include support in setup for that point

Internal review

summarize complicated point before going forward

Conclusion

review thesis, end with impact, call to action

Where to start outline

use prupose and thesis statement as mini outline and make rough outline

Topical outline

phrases or groups of words carry essential meanings

ideas may be difficult for you to visualize as complete thoughts

Complete Sentence Outline

one in which all main- and first-level subpoints are written out as complete sentences

think it out

Key word/speaking

Abbreviated topical outline from sentence outline

easier to remember,

makes the extemporaneous reordering of ideas much easier

Symbolization

n means that similar symbols (I, A, 1, a, and so on) should represent items of equal importance.

Logical outline components

(1) divisions of ideas and (2) headings that make these divisions clear.

Subordination

1. Related lesser points supporting a general category or statement should be grouped separately from the category, usually by means of indentation.

2. Items of equal importance should be given equal billing.

Simplicity

means that each numbered or lettered statement should contain only one idea.

Discreteness

means that each item in an outline should be a distinct point and not overlap with other items.

Coordination

means that a subordinate list of topics must have a common relationship.

Progression

The arrangement of related items in some sort of natural sequence

Keep the items in sequence and don't switch patterns.

Rules for outlines

1. State your topic.

2. State your general purpose. S

tate your specific purpose.

3. State your thesis statement.

4. Label the introduction, body, and conclusion.

5. Label and state, in complete sentences, the various elements of the introduction and conclusion.

6. State main points incomplete sentences.

7. State major subpoints incomplete sentences.

Speaking Outline Rules

1. Keep it brief, not note dependent, space stuff out

2. Use phrases and key words unless you have a complex idea

3. Write out complex statistics or long quotations.

4. Use personal cues for memory joggers and for visual aids

What can radically change the meaning of our nonverbals.

Context and Situation

Parts of Effective Dilvery

1.A well-paced, moving delivery

2.An alertness of body and mind that indicates enthusiasm

3.Controlled, yet flexible, body activity that reinforces meaning

4.Some direct eye contact that indicates a sense of communication

5.A clear, pleasant, conversational voice and articulation.

What is considered annoying

1.Stiff body action

2.Refusal to look at the audience

3.Excessive nervousness or fidgeting 4.Monotonous, stiff reading or delivery from a manuscript

5.Weak, or overly loud, unclear, or monotonous voice

6.Mumbling of words

7. Too many mispronunciations and grammatical mistakes

What comes off as unconfident

1. Use of hedges such as "sort of" or "kind of"

2. Hesitations such as "um" or "er" 3.Meaningless verbalizations such as "oh well" or "you know"

4. Intensifiers such as "quite," "really," or "very"

Types of Delivery

1. Reading from a Manuscript

2. memorization,

3. impromptu delivery

4. by speaking extemporaneously

Manuscript

prepared document, word for word,

no spontaneity, limited contact

used for mass media, complicated subjects

Memorization

It can be bad if memory fails

typically stilted, overly rhythmical, and impersonal

Impromptu

is delivered on the spur of the moment, without advance notice or time for detailed preparation.

Impromptu Tips

1. Anticipate the situation -Figure the odds on your being called, and try to determine on what topic you will be asked to speak.

2. Relate the topic under consideration to your experience.

3. When in doubt, summarize.

4. Be brief! wont loose track.

5. Quit if you dont have anything else do say

6. If you don't have. anything to say dont speak

extemporaneous speaking method

The preparation of a thorough but flexible outline, the cataloguing of much potentially usable material, and the use of a speaking outline that is either memorized or carried by the speaker.

Eye contact

makes you look more confident, more accepting to feedback

Emapthy

muscular reaction; to an extent, an audience imitates the actions of the speaker.

body action to connect with the audience

if you act nervous so will audience

Emotion

Meaningful body action will help you communicate and control your own

Types of speaking action

walking, facial expressions, gestures, posture, general impressions

General Impression

a comboof all the signals that you communicate to your audience, and things not in your control like lighting

Includes dress and postioning

Posture

can display confidence, effects what audience gets from your speech

Good posture

involves the distribution of your body weight in a comfortable and poised way consistent with the impression you wish to make as a speaker.

Chacteristics of nonverbals

They always communicate something.

They are bound to the situation.

They are believed.

They are seldom isolated.

They affect our relationships.

Role of walking

1. Physical punctuation.

2. empathic value—it can offer physical relief to a suffering audience.

How should you walk when giving a formal speech?

The more formal the speech, the less pronounced your walking should be.

How should you walk when addressing a large audience?

The larger the audience, the more definite your steps should be.

Facial Expressions

(1) avoid unintentional or inappropriate facial stereotypes,

(2) make eye contact with the audience,

(3) free your natural and spontaneous facial expressions so that they strengthen your message.

Renforcing Gestures

Such actions emphasize our words

Emblems

hand gestures translated to specific words or meaning,

Descriptive Gestures

Used as illustrations, also reinforcing

Standards of good body action

Appropriateness-depends on environment

Variety-repetiton loses effect

Physical Coordination-combo of full body expression

Verbal Coordination-timing your words and actions so as to achieve the greatest reinforcement of your message.

What gesture is offensive to Arabs

The thumbs-up

What gesture is considered unclean

Left hand

What practice is common in filipino culture

waving goodbye

Variable characteristics of voice

Rate

pitch

quality

rate

loudness

intonation

What rate do poor speakers use

short, abrupt speech consistently

Assimilation

separately formed units but tend to flow from one sound to another

What does fast speech come off as

competent and socially attractive

How does the duration of sounds vary

With mood

What is a Pregnant Pause?

A silence between verbal messages that is full of meaning.

What can consistent use of a Pregnant Pause without relation lead to?

Monotony.

Loudness

Measure of total signal

Is it possible to speak with more force or intensity without altering your volume proportionately?

Yes

What does extreme loudness communicate

Threat

What does low loudness communicate

Lack of competence

Vocal Variety

changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness

Where is the optimum pitch

a little below the habitual or normally used pitch because of tensions that restrict the vocal apparatus.

What does a drop in pitch at the end of a statement indicate

indicates that a person is ready to yield the floor

what does pitch do If you are maintaining the floor

uses rapid rate

Rises

What is voice quality?

The product of the modification and modulation of the vocal-cord tone by the resonators.

What enables us to distinguish between two sounds that are alike in pitch, duration, and loudness?

Voice quality.

Timbre

voice quality

emotional mood and may have a profound effect on emphasis and meaning

When is voice quality dull

when an individual's voice contains consistent deviations that detract from the message or its meaning

What can cause defects in voice quality

organic disorders like cleft palet