Anatomy & Physiology CH1

Anatomy

study of structure

Physiology

The study of body function

Gross or macroscopic anatomy

the study of large, visible structures

Regional Anatomy

Specific regions of the body

systemic anatomy

body structure is studied system by system

Microscopic Anatomy

deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

cytology

study of cells

Histology

study of tissues

Developmental Anatomy

traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span

Embryology

study of developments before birth

Renal Physiology

concerns kidney function and urine production

Neurophysiology

explains the workings of the nervous system

cardiovascular physiology

examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels

principle of complementarity of structure and function

anatomy and physiology are inseparable because function always reflects structure

Levels of Structural Organization

atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

Movement

activities promoted by the muscular system

Responsiveness or excitability

The ability to sense changes (which serve as stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them - nervous system is most involved with responsiveness

digestion

Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used

Metabolism

a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells

Excretion

Process by which metabolic wastes are eliminated from the body

integumentary system

Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands.

skeletal system

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Bones store minerals. Blood cells are formed within bones.

Muscular System

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.

nervous system

fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

endocrine system

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

cardiovascular system

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.

Lymphatic System/Immunity

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.

urinary system

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.

respiratory system

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

digestive system

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.

male reproductive system

serves to produce sperm and introduce them into the female body

female reproductive system

produces eggs for reproduction and provides place for growing baby.

Reproduction

the process of producing offspring

Growth

the process of increasing in physical size.

Nutrients

Substances in food that your body needs to grow, to repair itself, and to supply you with energy

water

50- 60% if body weight

Normal body temperature

98.6 F (37 C)

Homeostasis

relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain

Variable

the factor or event being regulated

Receptor

it responds to stimuli by sending info along the afferent pathway

Affrerent

approaches the control center

control center

determines the set point at which the variable is maintained

efferent

info exits from the control center

effector

carries out the control center response to the stimulus

Homeostasis imbalance

A disturbance in homeostasis results in disease

anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

Directional Terms

Terms used to explain where one body structure is in relation to another

axial part

head, neck, trunk

appendicular part

appendages or limbs

Regional Terms

designate specific areas within body divisions

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

Median Line or Mid Sagittal Plane

sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline

parasagittal plane

Divides body into unequal right and left sides

frontal plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

transverse or horizontal plane

runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

Oblique sections

cuts made diagonally

Superior (cranial)

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Inferior (caudal)

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

Anterior (ventral)

toward the front

Posterior (dorsal)

toward the back

Medial

toward the midline

Lateral

away from the midline

intermediate

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Superficial (external)

toward or at the body surface

Deep (internal)

Away from the body surface; more internal

Cephalic

head

Frontal

forehead

Orbital

eye area

Nasal

nose area

buccal (cheek)

Region of the cheek of the facial structure.

mental

chin

Cervical

neck region

Thoracic

pertaining to the chest

Sternal

breastbone area

Axillary

armpit area

Mammary

breast region

Abdominal

abdomen

Umbilical

belly button

Inguinal

groin area

Acromial

point of shoulder

Brachial

arm

Olecranal

elbow

Antebrachial

forearm

manus

hand

Metacarpals

hand bones

Palmar

palm of hand

Pollex

thumb

digital

fingers, toes

Coxal

hip

Femoral

thigh

Patellar

kneecap

Popliteal

back of knee

Cural

leg

Sural

calf

Fibular

side of leg

Tarsal

ankle region

hallux

big toe

Otic

ear