population health exam 2

What is health disparity?

A difference in health outcomes between different population groups, for example, higher diabetes rates in one group.

example of health disparity

higher diabetes rates in one group.

What is health inequity?

A difference in health that is considered unfair and preventable.

Example of health inequity?

poor communities experiencing worse health due to lack of access to resources.

What is health equity?

The goal of achieving fair and just opportunities for everyone to access the care and resources needed to be healthy.

Why do inequities exist?

Because of Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)

The BIG 5 are

• Income & jobs

• Education

• Healthcare access

• Neighborhood & housing

• Social/community support

What are the BIG 4 factors contributing to health inequities?

1. Income & Jobs

2. Education

3. Neighborhood & Housing

4. Social/Community Support

Presence and replication of an infectious agent with signs/symptoms

Infectious Disease

• Ability of agent to cause disease

Pathogenicity

• Degree of damage caused by pathogen

Virulence

Infectious Disease Goals

• Maintain elimination of MMR, polio

• Keep vaccination records

• Reduce ear infections in children

• Reduce hepatitis rates

• Reduce norovirus cases

Chain of Infection is…

• Agent

• Host

• Environment (reservoirs)

• Transmission

Incubation Period

Time between exposure and first symptoms

Modes of Transmission

• Airborne

• Direct

• Indirect

• Droplet

• Fomite

• Vector

• Vertical

• Horizontal

• Zoonotic

Droplet Modes of Transmission

≥3 mm; stay ≥3 feet away

Fomite Modes of Transmission

inanimate objects(Doors, tables, medical equipment)

Vector Modes of Transmission

insects/animals(Mosquitoes, ticks, animals)

Vertical Modes of Transmission

parent → child (Placenta, birth, breast milk, sperm)

Horizontal Modes of Transmission

person → person(Spread within population)

Zoonotic Modes of Transmission

animal ↔ human

Physical contact with host

Direct contact

Contact with contaminated objects

Indirect

What happens in the Pre-Pathogenesis stages of Disease & Prevention

• No disease yet

• Primary prevention

• Health promotion & specific protection

What happens in the Pathogenesis stage

• Asymptomatic or mild symptoms

• Secondary prevention

• Screening & early detection

What happens in the Resolution

• Full disease outcome (recovery, disability, death)

• Tertiary prevention

• Treatment & limiting disability

Harbors & spreads disease without symptoms

Carrier

Organisms present without tissue damage

Colonization

Ongoing data collection for prevention

Surveillance

Identify exposed individuals

Contact Tracing

Constant presence of Disease is an example of

Endemic

Sudden increase in Disease above expected

Epidemic

Global outbreak in disease

Pandemic

Community-Acquired Infections

• Influenza

• Pneumococcal disease

• Asymptomatic bacteriuria

Pneumonia Types

• Community-acquired

• Hospital-acquired: >48 hrs after admission

• Health-care associated

Pneumonia Vaccines

• Age 65

• Booster 5 years later