Latin Semester Exam

Venus

Aphrodite
Love

Minerva

Athene
Wisdom, war

Diana

Artemis
Virginity, animals

Bacchus

Dionysus
Uncontrolled emotion, wine

Vulcan

Hephaestus
Blacksmiths, fire

Founding of Rome

753 BC

Beginning of Roman Republic

509 BC

Aeneas

Led the Trojans to the promised land after the Trojan War, founded Lavinium

Romulus and Remus

Founded and built the city of Rome, Romulus killed Remus and got the city named after him

Jupiter

Zeus
Sky, lighting

Juno

Hera
Women, marriage, love

Mars

Ares
War

Vesta

Hestia
Household

Neptune

Poseidon
Sea, trident

Pluto

Hades
Underworld

Ceres

Demeter
Grain

Apollo

Apollo
Sun, bow

Mercury

Hermes
Winged shoes, messenger

Tarquinius Superbus

Last king of Rome who got overthrown

Consul

Highest position in the Cursus Honorum, made most of the decisions

Cursus honorum

Public office positions in the Roman Republic

Horatius Cocles

Soldier who defended a bridge and jumped off and survived

Cloelia

Woman who led hostages to freedom in a war against Lars Porsennna

Pyrrhus of Epirus

Greek king who fought against Rome and won, but he lost so many soldiers that he would not have been able to fight again

Hannibal

Carthaginian general who invades Rome and comes close to victory through good military tactics but loses

Battle of Zama

Africanus vs. Hannibal in Carthage, Africanus takes care of Hannibal

Latifundia

Land worked by slaves of Rome, led poor people to move to Rome and form the Populares population

Populares

Poor class in Rome, fought against Optimates for more say in government

Optimates

Upper class in Rome, held most government positions and had more control over the city

Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus

Wanted to give land to the poor and let retired soldiers to rule over newly acquired land, not liked by senate
Both commit suicide because of the senate

Gaius Marius

Was on populares' side, allowed normal people to become soldiers and get paid

Lucius Cornelius Sulla

Was on optimates' side, fought against Marius, added a lot more people to the senate and increased the optimates' power as dictator

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus

Was on populares' side, defeated pirates in the Mediterranean

Gaius Julius Caesar

Was on populares' side, became dictator, conquered Gaul and and west Europe, assasinated by the senate

Battle of Pharsalus

Caesar vs. Pompey for who was greater, Caesar is victorious

Perseus

God who killed Medusa

Theseus

Guy who killed the Minotaur

Hercules

Son of Zeus, known for his strength

Jason

Leader of the Argonauts, went on a quest to find the Golden Fleece

Liberators

Conspirators in the senate who killed Julius Caesar

Marcus Antonius

Antony, Co-consul with Julius Caesar when he was killed, gained possession of Caesar's will and assets

Marcus Lepidus

Member of Second Triumvirate
Marched soldiers into Rome to keep order and protect Caesar's political faction after Caesar's death

Marcus Tullius Cicero

Great Roman orator, only one in the city to put a stop to Antony's reign

Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus

Member of Second Triumvirate
Octavian, Caesar's grandnephew, Caesar's heir

Philippi

Where Brutus and Cassius were defeated

Octavia

Octavians sister, married Antony because of the Treaty of Brundisium

Treaty of Brundisium

Treaty to make peace between Antony and Octavian, Antony married Octavia as part of it

Caesarion

Son of Cleopatra, maybe Julius Caesar, Cleopatra said he was the rightful heir

Actium

Greek town where Antony and Cleopatra were defeated

43 BC

The senate sent a big army to put a stop to Antony's menace, Octavian became in charge of three armies

42 BC

When Brutus and Cassius were defeated, so the killed themselves

40 BC

Antony's brother Lucius raised armies and tried to defeat Octavian, failed

31 BC

Antony and Cleopatra were defeated in Actium, both committed suicide

The Second Triumvirate

Antony, Octavian, Lepidus
Public alliance

Ammianus Marcellinus

4th century
Wrote about customs of the Huns

Augustine

3rd century
Wrote about how he enjoyed doing bad things in the Confessions

Boethius

6th century
Wrote about fortune and how everything will get taken away

Venerable Bede

7-8th century
Wrote about the Scots and the Picts and history of Britain

Einhard

7th century
Wrote about the life of Charlemagne

Heliose

12th century
Wrote letter to Abelard

William of Tyre

12th century
Wrote about the Crusades and Godfrey
Grandfather fought in the Crusades