4TH QTR: ORAL COMMUNICATION

COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE

• Ability to communicate effectively in different situations

• Not limited to grammar and vocabulary

• Includes understanding of how and when to use language correctly

• Ability to get what you seek in  way that maintains the relationship that is acceptable to all communicators

• No “ideal” way to communicate since there are many kinds of competent communication

• Communicative competence as a social skill can be learned

SPEECH CONTEXT

• Environment and circumstances in which communication occurs

• Includes factors that influence how a message is delivered and received (physical, social, cultural, and situational)

• Helps in interpreting the meaning behind the words and ensuring effective communication

INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

Internal thoughts, feelings, and self-talk

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION (DYAD AND SMALL GROUP)

Exchange of information, feelings, and meaning between 2 or more people

PUBLIC OR MASS COMMUNICATION

Sharing information, ideas, and messages with a large audience

SPEECH STYLES

• Variations in language used that individuals adopt based on the social context, audience, and purpose of communication

• Reflect factors such as formality, tone, and cultural norms, influencing how messages are perceived and received

INTIMATE

•  (close friends, family, or romantic partners)

  • Private and personal

CASUAL

• (acquaintances and social interactions)

  • Relaxed and informal

CONSULTATIVE

•  (business meetings and professional emails)

  • Casual and formal

FORMAL

• (academic presentations and speeches)

  • High level of formality

FROZEN

• (pledge of allegiance and religious ceremonies)

  • Highly structured and follows unchanging patterns

SPEECH ACT

• The Speech Act Theory was introduced by J.L. Austin and further developed by John Searle

• Explores how we use language not just to convey information, but to perform actions

LOCUTION

•  (utterance)

  • Basic act of producing sounds, words, and grammatical structures

ILLOCUTION

• (intention)

  • Intended communicative force or purpose performed by the speaker

PERLOCUTION

• (response)

  • Effect or impact on the listener or recipient

COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES

• Our conversations become meaningful when we willingly cooperate and speak in socially-approved ways

• Strategies must be used to start, maintain, and end a conversation

NOMINATION

This strategy begins the conversation where the communicators find a topic to discuss

RESTRICTION

Communicators limit the coverage of the talk and agree to focus on the goals of a conversation

TURN-TAKING

Taking turns in speaking is the basic unit of conversations

TOPIC CONTROL

A speaker takes control of the conversation, directs the discussion, and frames the action as an outcome

TOPIC SHIFTING

This strategy shows that transitions between the episodes (small units) in conversations may occur

REPAIR

Refers to an organized set of practices that address problems in speaking, hearing, and understanding

TERMINATION

Brings what happened in a conversation to a conclusion, making room for a new beginning or restarting something that has broken down