the seedless vascular plants

all seedless vascular plants has a ______ sporophyte generation

dominant

how many phyla of seedless vascular plants are there?

five (three extinct about 360 MY ago, two with living reps)

seedless vascular plants are typically found in _______ habitats

moist

these plants dominated the landscape around ______ million years ago

350

these plants alternate between independent ________ generation and the _________ generation.

sporophyte; gametophyte

these plants are able to grow taller than the Bryophytes because they contain: 

vascular tissues 

altho these plants have vascular tissues they do not produce: 

seeds

fertilization requires _______ to be present

water

phylum Lycopodiophyta includes about _______ living genera with ______ living species

10-15; 1200

what are the most familiar lycophytes and what family do they belong to?

club mosses; Lycopodiaceae family

the two major living genera of phylum lycopodiophyta are what?

Lycopodium (50 species) 

Selaginella (over 750 species)

the sporophytes of lycopodiophyta have what type of leaf?

microphylls

what is a microphyll

leaf with a single unbranching vein

T or F: lycopodiophyta have false root and no stems

FALSE; they have TRUE ROOTS and STEMS

what type of environment are lycopodiophyta abundant in?

abundant in the tropics and moist temperate areas

the common name for Lycopodium is:

Ground Pines

Lycopodium are often found growing where?

often grow on forest floors

Lycopodium resemble what?

little christmas trees, complete with cones

the leaves of Lycopodium can be described as ______ or in a ______

whorled; tight spiral

the stems of Lycopodium are _______ or _______

simple; branched

the stems of Lycopodium are developed from branching ______.

rhizomes

A club moss native to the tropics

Lycopodium cernum

a club moss native to northeastern North America

Lycopodium obscurum

explain how Lycopodium reproduce.

fertile microphylls are called sporophylls

• sporophylls contain sporangia, aggregated sporophylls form a cluster, strobilus (strobili) 

gametophytes develop from spores in soil 

• small, vary in shape, produce both antheridia and archegonia (bisexual) 

what is the common name for Selaginella?

Spike Mosses

Selaginella are in the phylum _________ and belong to the ________ family

Lycopodiophyta; Selaginellaceae 

Selaginella are esp. abundant in a ________ environement

tropic

how do the branches of Selaginella differ from ground pines (Lycopodium)

branch more freely than ground pines

the leaves of Selaginella have a _______ on their upper surface 

ligule

Selaginella are able to produce what type of spores?

two different kinds: sports and gametophytes 

given that Selaginella are able to produce two types of spores they are called: 

heterospory 

the resurrection plant is in what genus?

Selaginella

describe how reproduction occurs in Selaginella

heterospory

• microsporophylls bear microsporangia producing microspores → male gametophytes 

• megasporophylls bear megasporangia producing 4 megaspores → female gametophytes 

lycopodium are ________ whereas, selaginella are _______ 

homospory; heterospory 

the common name for Isoetes is what?

Quillworts 

Isoetes are a part of what phylum and found in which family?

Lycopodiophyta; Isoetaceae 

most Isoetes are found in areas that have what characteristics?

partially submerged in water, and least part of the year 

Isoetes have _______ that are arranged in a tight spiral on a stubby stem

microphylls

______ occur towards the leaf base in Isoetes

ligules

_______ have vascular cambium in Isoetes

corms

the ferns belong to which phylum?

Pteridophyta

what are the structures and forms of ferns?

approximately 11,000 known species of ferns vary in size from tiny floating forms less than 1 cm to giant tropical tree ferns up to 25m tall 

fern leaves are ______ that are commonly referred to as _______

megaphylls; fronds

T or F: fern leaves are typically divided into smaller segments (pinnae)

True

describe how reproduction occurs in ferns - sporophytes

sporophytes: consists of fronds, a stem (rhizome), and adventitious roots

• pinnae are attached to a midrib (rachis) 

• sporangia appear on the lower surface of the blades (pinnae) 

  • clusters of sporangia called sori (sorus) 

a crozier (fiddlehead) is a type of 

tropical fern

what is the indusium?

a thin, protective tissue for fern sporangia

describe how reproduction occurs in ferns - gametophytes 

the green, heart-shaped, one cell thick structure called prothallus

• antheridia and archegonia are located on the lower surface of prothalli 

• fertilization occurs within the archegonia

the prothallus is a _______ gametophye

fern

the common name for Psilotum is what?

Whisk Ferns

Psilotum are in what phylum?

Pteridophyta

Psilotum loosely resemble what?

small, green whisk brooms

describe the form and structure of Psilotum

sporophytes consist almost entirely of dichotomously forking aerial stems

• have neither leaves nor roots

• stems arise from short rhizomes

what are enations?

leaflike tissues that are spirally arranged along stems of Psilotum

how does reproduction occur in Psilotum?

sexual reproduction

• sporangia that fused together in threes are produced at the tip of the stems 

• gametophytes: develop from spores in soil; small, no pigmentation, absorb nutrients via rhizoids

what is the common name for Equisetum?

horsetails

describe the structure and form of Equisetum

about 25 species scattered thru-out all continents

significant silica deposits accumulate on the inner walls of the stem’s epidermal cells

branches, when present, are normally in whorls at regular intervals along the joint stems 

Both branched and unbranched species of Equisetum have tiny ________ in whorls at the nodes

microphylls

leaves of _______ genus are fused at their base and form a collar

Equisetum

the stems are distinctly ribbed and have obvious _____ and _______

nodes; internodes