A&P Final

Vitreous Humor

Gel-like substance in the eye that helps maintain its shape.

Conjunctivitis

Inflammation of the conjunctiva, causing redness and irritation (commonly known as pink eye).

Hyperopia

Farsightedness, difficulty seeing near objects clearly.

Myopia

Nearsightedness, difficulty seeing distant objects clearly.

Iris

Colored part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil.

Cornea

The transparent outermost layer of the eye, crucial for focusing light onto the retina.

Astigmatism

Blurred vision due to irregular cornea or lens curvature.

Hypermetropia

Another term for hyperopia or farsightedness.

Presbyopia

Age-related farsightedness due to lens elasticity loss.

Scala Tympani

Part of the cochlea in the inner ear.

Stapes

One of the three ossicles in the middle ear.

External Auditory Canal

Passage from the outer ear to the eardrum.

Optic Nerve

Carries visual information from the eye to the brain.

Lens

Transparent structure focusing light onto the retina.

Ciliary Body

Controls the lens shape for focusing.

Microglia

Brain cells acting as immune cells.

Oligodendrocytes

Produce myelin in the central nervous system.

Astrocytes

Supportive cells aiding in nutrient exchange and repair.

Ependymal

Cells producing cerebrospinal fluid and lining brain ventricles.

Occipital Lobe

Brain region for visual processing.

Frontal Lobe

Brain region for decision-making and voluntary movement.

Pre-Central Gyrus

Area in the frontal lobe for voluntary motor control.

Axon Terminals

Endings of axons releasing neurotransmitters.

Dendrites

Branch-like extensions receiving signals in neurons.

Myelin Sheath

Insulating layer around axons speeding up nerve impulse conduction.

Neurotransmitter

Chemical messengers transmitting signals across synapses.

Coverings of a nerve fiber

Include endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium.

Action Potential

Electrical signal in neurons during communication.

Peripheral Nervous System

Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.

Shingles

Viral infection causing painful skin rash along nerves.

Neuraglia

Support cells in the nervous system.

Rabies

Viral infection affecting the nervous system transmitted through animal bites.

Neuroblastoma

Cancerous tumor from nerve tissue.

Cerebral Palsy

Neurological disorder affecting movement and muscle coordination.

Peristalsis

Muscular contractions moving food through the digestive tract.

Mastication

Chewing food to break it down.

Chyme

Partially digested food mixed with gastric juices.

Bolis

Mass of chewed food ready to be swallowed.

Liver

Organ producing bile for fat digestion and detoxification.

Gall Bladder

Stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver.

Stomach

Organ for partial food digestion and mixing with gastric juices.

Large Intestine

Absorbs water and salts, forms feces.

Small Intestine

Absorbs nutrients from digested food.

WBC, RBC

White blood cells and red blood cells.

Inner membrane of the Heart

Endocardium lining heart chambers and valves.

Artery for blood pressure

Brachial artery commonly used for measurement.

Hematoma

Blood clot outside blood vessels.

Myocardial Infarction

Heart attack due to coronary artery blockage.

Arteriosclerosis

Artery hardening and narrowing from plaque buildup.

ABO Blood Group

Classification based on A, B, AB, and O antigens on red blood cells.

Structures of the heart

Include chambers, valves, and septum.

Arteries

Blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart.

Veins

Blood vessels carrying blood toward the heart.

Arterioles

Small arteries regulating blood flow.

Venules

Small veins connecting capillaries to veins.

Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels for gas and nutrient exchange.

Name of the structure that relays impulse towards the synapse

Axon terminals or synaptic terminals.

Name of the Neurotransmitter messenger

Neurotransmitters are the messengers that transmit signals across synapses. Examples include dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and glutamate.

Name of the neurotransmitter receiver

Neurotransmitter receptors are proteins on the postsynaptic membrane that bind to neurotransmitters. Examples include acetylcholine receptors, dopamine receptors, and serotonin receptors.

Name the Coverings of a nerve fiber

• Endoneurium: Surrounds individual nerve fibers.

• Perineurium: Surrounds bundles of nerve fibers (fascicles).

• Epineurium: Surrounds the entire nerve (nerve trunk).

Action Potential - Sodium/Potassium Pump

A rapid change in the electrical potential across a membrane, particularly in neurons or muscle cells. The sodium-potassium pump is a membrane protein that actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, maintaining the resting membrane potential and restoring ion gradients after an action potential.