A&P Final

Senses Portion:

Vitreous Humor: Gel-like substance in the eye that helps maintain its shape.

Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, causing redness and irritation (commonly known as pink eye).

Hyperopia: Farsightedness, difficulty seeing near objects clearly.

Myopia: Nearsightedness, difficulty seeing distant objects clearly.

Iris: Colored part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil.

Cornea: The transparent outermost layer of the eye, covering the iris and pupil, plays a crucial role in focusing light onto the retina for vision.

Astigmatism: Blurred vision caused by irregular curvature of the cornea or lens.

Hypermetropia: Another term for hyperopia or farsightedness.

Presbyopia: Age-related farsightedness due to loss of elasticity in the lens.

Scala Tympani: Part of the cochlea in the inner ear.

Stapes: One of the three small bones (ossicles) in the middle ear.

External Auditory Canal: Passage leading from the outer ear to the eardrum.

Optic Nerve: Nerve that carries visual information from the eye to the brain.

Lens: Transparent structure in the eye that focuses light onto the retina.

Ciliary Body: Structure that controls the shape of the lens for focusing.

Nervous System Portion:

Microglia: Cells in the brain that act as immune cells, protecting against pathogens.

Oligodendrocytes: Cells that produce myelin in the central nervous system.

Astrocytes: Supportive cells in the central nervous system, involved in nutrient exchange and repair.

Ependymal: Cells that produce cerebrospinal fluid and line the ventricles of the brain.

Occipital Lobe: Region of the brain responsible for visual processing.

Frontal Lobe: Region of the brain involved in decision-making, problem-solving, and voluntary movement.

Pre-Central Gyrus: Area of the brain's frontal lobe responsible for voluntary motor control.

Axon Terminals: Endings of axons where neurotransmitters are released.

Dendrites: Branch-like extensions of neurons that receive signals from other neurons.

Myelin Sheath: Insulating layer around axons, speeding up nerve impulse conduction.

Neurotransmitter: Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses.

Coverings of a nerve fiber: Include endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium.

Action Potential: Electrical signal generated by neurons during communication.

Peripheral Nervous System: Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, including sensory and motor nerves.

Shingles: Viral infection causing painful skin rash along nerves.

Neuraglia: Support cells in the nervous system.

Rabies: Viral infection affecting the nervous system transmitted through animal bites.

Neuroblastoma: Cancerous tumor arising from nerve tissue.

Cerebral Palsy: Neurological disorder affecting movement and muscle coordination.

Digestive System Portion:

Peristalsis: Muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

Mastication: Chewing food to break it down into smaller pieces.

Chyme: Partially digested food mixed with gastric juices in the stomach.

Bolis: Mass of chewed food ready to be swallowed.

Liver: Organ that produces bile for fat digestion and detoxifies substances.

Gall Bladder: Stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver.

Stomach: Organ where food is partially digested and mixed with gastric juices.

Large Intestine: Absorbs water and salts, and forms feces.

Small Intestine: Absorbs nutrients from digested food.

Circulatory & Cardiovascular System Portion:

WBC, RBC: White blood cells (immune cells) and red blood cells (carry oxygen).

Inner membrane of the Heart: Endocardium, lining the chambers and valves.

Artery that you take blood pressure from: Brachial artery (commonly used for blood pressure measurement).

Hematoma: Blood clot outside blood vessels.

Myocardial Infarction: Heart attack, due to blockage of coronary arteries.

Arteriosclerosis: Hardening and narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup.

ABO Blood Group: Classification based on A, B, AB, and O antigens on red blood cells.

Structures of the heart: Include chambers (atria and ventricles), valves, and septum.

Arteries: Blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart.

Veins: Blood vessels carrying blood toward the heart.

Arterioles: Small arteries that regulate blood flow.

Venules: Small veins connecting capillaries to veins.

Capillaries: Tiny blood vessels where gas and nutrient exchange occurs.