Lecture on DNA Sequencing and Genomes

This set of flashcards covers essential vocabulary and concepts related to DNA sequencing, genomics, and the differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

A technique used to amplify small segments of DNA, allowing for the generation of millions of copies.

False Positive

A test result which incorrectly indicates the presence of a condition, such as a disease, when it is not actually present.

Genome

The complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.

Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Genomes

Eukaryotic genomes are generally larger and contain more noncoding DNA compared to prokaryotic genomes.

Bioinformatics

A field of study that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data, particularly in genomics.

Noncoding DNA

DNA sequences that do not code for proteins; a large portion of the human genome consists of noncoding DNA.

Dideoxynucleotide

A type of nucleotide used in DNA sequencing which lacks a hydroxyl group, preventing further elongation of the DNA strand.

Sanger Sequencing

A method of DNA sequencing based on selectively incorporating chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides.

Next Generation Sequencing

Advanced sequencing technology that allows for the rapid sequencing of entire genomes.

Gene Density

The number of genes per million base pairs of DNA; typically higher in prokaryotic genomes compared to eukaryotic genomes.

Transposable Elements

Sequences of DNA that can move around in the genome and are often repetitive; make up a significant portion of the human genome.

Alternative Splicing

A process by which different combinations of exons are joined together to produce different mRNA transcripts from the same gene.

Pseudogenes

Nonfunctional gene sequences that resemble functional genes; often arise from mutations.

Shotgun Sequencing

A method of sequencing where large DNA molecules are broken into smaller pieces, sequenced, and then reassembled computationally.

Genome Annotation

The process of identifying functional elements within a genome, including genes and noncoding regions.

Trait Inheritance

The genetic process by which traits are passed from parents to offspring.