BIO Test 2 Completed Quizlet

function of the plasma membrane

Marks boundary between outside + inside of cell. Regulates passages in and out of a cell. Phospholipid bilayer w/embedded proteins.

Explain the components of the plasma membrane.

Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates. 2 layers.

Explain the terms hydrophilic and hydrophobic in the cell membrane.

Polar Heads= Hydrophilic= water loving= polar. Nonpolar tails= Hydrophobic= water hating, lipids/fats hang around the tail. Water + sugar cannot go through w/out channel. Channels allow anything but lipids in them

Polar Heads

Hydrophilic= water loving= polar

Nonpolar tails

Hydrophobic= water hating, lipids/fats hang around it

Water + sugar cannot go through w/out ____

channel

channel

allow anything but lipids in them

Explain what the Fluid Mosaic model is in reference to the plasma membrane.

Water freely flows across the top of cell bi-layer heads. Cannot go down without assistance (channel)

Channel Proteins

Form tunnel for specific molecules.

Transport Proteins

Passage molecule- sometimes requiring energy

Cell Recognition Proteins

Enables bodies to distinguish between our own cells and cells of other organisms

Receptor Proteins

Bind to signal proteins from other parts of the body. Allow signal molecules to bind- causing cellular response

Enzymatic Proteins

Metabolic reactions that are crucial to cell functioning

Junction Proteins

Cell-to-cell adhesion + communication

Explain what cell theory is.

All organisms are composed of cells. All cells come from preexisting cells.

2 main types of cells

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic Cells:

Lacks membrane-bound nucleus. Has nucleoid that's not membrane-bound

Prokaryotic cells domain

Bacteria and Archaea

Prokaryotic example

bacteria

Eukaryotic cells

Have a nucleus that houses DNA.

Cytoplasm

Fluid surrounded by plasma membrane and cell wall

Cell wall

maintains shape of a cell

DNA

genetic material

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis AKA create proteins

Appendages

flagella, fimbriae

Flagella

propulsion (long-looking hairs at bottom)

Fimbriae

attachment to surfaces (hair-like)

Lysosomes

break down dead things that don't need to be in there (cellular debres)

Nucleus

Stores genetic information (DNA), director of the cell

Nuclear envelope

Surrounds the nuclease, has pores that allow substances in and of the nucleas

Chromatin

thin strands of DNA

Ribosomes are found ____

in cytoplasm and on RER

endomembrane system

A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.

Endoplasmic reticulum

complicated system of membranous channels and saccules

Organelles

tiny organs within the cell

Golgi Apparatus

packaging and transporting of proteins

Transport Vesicles

membranous sacks, like little vehicles. After packaged, can leave the cell or go back into cell

Smooth ER

No ribosomes, synthesizes lipids, detoxifies drugs

Mitochondria

powerhouse of cell, breaks down carbohydrates

What 3 structures can be found in a plant cell that aren't in an animal cell?

Vacuoles, chloroplasts, cell wall

vacuoles

used for pressure and water within the cell

Chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis, solar energy to synthesize carbohydrates

Nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

Chloroplasts have a _ membrane system

3

Chloroplasts have their own ___ & ___

DNA and ribosomes

Double membrane

enclosing stroma

Thylakoid membrane

contains pigments

Cytoskeleton

shape and movement within the cell, interconnected protein filaments and tubules

The cytoskeleton is only found in ___ cells

Eukaryotic

Myosin and Actin

only two proteins that deal with muscle contraction

Kinesin + dynein

move along microtubules, transport vesicles from Golgi apparatus to final destination

Microtubules

move things through the cell using tubulin, small hollow cylinders. Shape + movement

Microfilaments

contain actin

Cillia

hair-like, shorter and numerous

Intermediate Filaments

around nuclease to plasma membrane, ropelike, mid in size

Centrioles

For mitosis/cell division ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS, rod shaped

Plant Cell wall

made of cellulose fibrils and noncellulose substances wall stretches when plant grows

Plasmodesmata

plant cells connected by numerous channels that allows the exchange of water and small solutes between cells

Tight Junction

barrier, nothing can get through, impermeable to water, leak proof, fuses like a zipper

Gap Junction

allow communication, any substance can go through, hollow cylinders (connexons), span width of abutting membranes

What is Energy

capacity to do work

food energy is measured in

calories or kilocalories

First Law

conservation of energy= energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another

Second Law

energy cannot be changed from one for to another without a loss of usable energy

Explain what Entropy is and what affects this.

Disorganization, every energy transformation leads to an increase in the amount of disorganization or disorder

ATP

adenosine triphosphate (3), releases energy quickly

Explain what ATP is in reference to the body

energy currency of cells .continuous cycle of breakdown + regeneration

Lose phosphate

adenosine diphosphate

phosphorylation

ADP + phosphate, creation of ADT, process of adding a phosphate

Coupled reactions

energy releasing reaction can create energy requiring reaction (using it then adding it back) ATP -> ADP + P

ATP breakdown provides the energy for ____, when myosin combines with ATP

muscle movement

Release of ADP + P

muscle contraction

Photosynthesis

solar energy used to convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates (foot for plants + other organisms)

Cellular respiration

carbs broken down and energy used to build ATP, only occurs in mitochondria

Energy is ___ with each transformation

lost

Energy rich foods allow us to

produce ATP required

More oxygen

more ATP

less oxygen

less ATP

Metabolic Pathways

series of linked reactions

E1 - E6

represent enzymes

What are enzymes

catalysts that speed up reactions

All enzymes are ___

proteins

Enzymes can be used ___ times

many

What is a substrate?

Work with/assist enzymes to creates products/reactions, cannot use more than once

Catalyst

can be used more than once but does not change

____ ____ break down enzymes

extreme temperatures

stroma found in

chloroplast

ADP + phosphate

cellular respiration

storage of lipids

smooth ER

Stretch

anchoring/adhesive

Plasmodesmada

Are channels that pass through the cell wall and allow fluid to move from one cell to another

3 main parts of animal cell

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane

cell junctions

adhesion junction, gap junction, tight junction

adhesion junction

internal cytoplasmic plaques joined by intercellular filaments, sturdy but flexible sheet of cells, prevents cells from being pulled apart due to mechanical stress

adhesion junction is also called ____

anchoring junction

Where do enzymes become activated?

active site

enzyme inhibition

Enzyme is prevented from combining with its substrate (ex: cyanide)

the plasma membrane regulates _____ in and out of the cell

traffic

the plasma membrane is ____ permeable

semi

selectively permeable

a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot