king joe AP2 exam 3

What makes up the upper respiratory system?

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx

what makes up the lower respiratory system

larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

conduction zone

the majority of the lung

respiratory zone

is alveoli, alveolar duct, and respiratory bronchioles

Respiratory Mucosa

o An epithelial layer
o An areolar layer called the lamina propria
- Lines the conducting portion of respiratory system

what tissue has nasal cavity, nasopharynx and trachea

Pseudostratified

where is simple squamous

is in the alveolar
The tissue get thinner the lower we get into the respiratory

What is the job of the nose?

air is warmed, moistened and filtered as it enters the nose

what is order of air

External nares, nasal conchae, internal nares, nasopharynx, oropharynx, Laryngopharynx, larynx, vocal cord, trachea, primary bronchus, lobar bronchus, segmental bronchus.

stratified squamous

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

what are the 3 unpaired cartilage in the larynx

thyroid (Adam's apple), cricoid, epiglottis

What causes the cough reflex?

False vocal cords

§ Why do men have a lower range of pitch than women?

Men have thicker vocal cords that vibrate slower

what contain less cartilage and more smooth muscle

the bronchi compared to the trachea

what contain no cartilage

bronchioles it smooth muscle.

Bronchodilation

Caused by sympathetic stimulation- need more O2

Bronchoconstriction

parasympathetic ANS activation

order of air in the respiratory zone

Terminal bronchiole --> respiratory bronchiole --> alveolar duct --> alveolus

alveoli have

open pores connecting adjacent alveoli that provide alternate air routes and act to equalize air pressure

Alveolar cell types

type 1, type 2, alveolar macrophages

Alveolar Type I cells

most abundant

Alveolar Type II cells

Secrete oily pulmonary surfactant

Alveolar Macrophage

are dust cells

What is the respiratory membrane?

Simple squamous of the capillary and the alveolar and have a basement membrane in between

left lung

2 lobes

Right lung

3 lobes and is thicker and shorter because of the liver

Lobes are further divided into

segments and then lobules

These are in a lobule

lymphatic vessel
arteriole
venule
terminal bronchiole

define the 3 steps of the respiration process and explains how the 4 gas laws play a role in the process and two most important process

Ventilation- air gets in and out of the lungs. External respiration- gas exchange from lungs and the blood.
Internal respiration is gas exchange from the blood and the tissues.
And the laws
external intercostals and diaphragm

What is internal respiration?

Gas exchange from the blood and the tissues

What is external respiration?

Gas exchange from the lungs and the blood

Why is intrapleural pressure called "negative pressure"?

this fluid is always less pressure then the lungs

What part of the breathing process is explained by Boyle's Law and what does the law state?

ventilation; hat pressure and volume are inversely related. Increase volume pressure drops

What part of the respiration process is explained by Dalton's Law and what does it say?

external and internal; the partial pressure of each gas is directly related to its concentration in the mixture

What part of the respiration process does Henry's Laws explain and what does it say?

external respiration; the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid also depends upon its solubility

How does the partial pressure of CO2 affect bronchioles?

- Where alveolar CO2 is high, bronchioles dilate
- Where alveolar CO2 is low, bronchioles constrict

How does the partial pressure of O2 affect arterioles?

Changes in Po2 in the alveoli cause changes in the diameters of the arterioles
- Where alveolar O2 is high, arterioles dilate
- Where alveolar O2 is low, arterioles constrict

o2 is carried by

hemoglobin

As O2 binds

Hb affinity for O2 increases

As O2 is released

Hb affinity for O2 decreases

What does 2,3-BPG do?

If it binds, we drop off oxygen

Bohr effect

When you have high CO2 and low PH we drop more oxygen and this help explains internal respiration

- CO2 has three means of transport

As CO2 dissolved in plasma, hemoglobin, As bicarbonate dissolved in plasma

What is the Chloride shift?

When bicarbonate exits or enters a red blood cell chloride goes the opposite way- this makes it balance out the negative charge

Carbon Monoxide

Binds strongly to hemoglobin

Tidal Volume (TV)

amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

the amount of air taken into the lungs during a forced inspiration following a quiet inspiration

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

Residual Volume (RV)

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation

inspiratory capacity

maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration

functional residual capacity

amount of air remaining in lungs after a normal tidal expiration

vital capacity

total amount of exchangeable air

total lung capacity

total amount of air that the lungs can hold

The digestive system breaks down food into simpler substances to be used by the body's cells
Such as what?

Monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids and monoglycerides

The Five Activities of Digestion

ingestion, peristalsis,
digestion,
absorption,
defecation

Peristalsis

massaging food though the gi tract

digestion

mechanical- chewing and chemical- acids and enzymes

Absorption

blood and lymph

List the order of the digestive tract

oropharynx, laryngopharnyx, esophagus, lower esophageal sphincter, stomach, pyloric sphincter, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ileocecal valve, cecum, ascending colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum.

- Mucous membrane consisting of:

o Epithelium
o Lamina propria of areolar tissue
Muscularis mucosae we have a muscular layer

Which parts are lined by stratified squamous epithelium?

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, rectum

Which parts are lined by simple columnar epithelium?

stomach, small intestine, and most of large intestine

Lamina propria

containing blood vessels, lymph vessels
Absorption of nutrients occurs into the body fluids

muscularis mucosae

Thin layer of smooth muscle

Submucosa

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)

We have nerve tracks for the

submucosa and muscularis

Where is adventitia found?

Found outside the peritoneal cavity (oral cavity, pharynx,
esophagus, rectum)

Where is Serosa found?

Everywhere else

· What is the Enteric Nervous system?

Submucosal and myenteric plexus

What is a long reflex?

That involve the CNS

· What is a short reflex?

You don't use the CNS

· What lines the cavity?
Parietal peritoneum
· Peritoneal fluid
- Is produced by serous membrane lining
- Allows sliding without friction or irritation

· Mesenteries
- sheets of peritoneal membrane that connect
parietal peritoneum with visceral peritoneum
- Stabilize structures

in the mouth

- Mixing food with saliva to form bolus

Lingual lipase

in mouth breaks down lipids in baby's mouth

deciduous teeth

· "baby teeth" 20

· Begin to erupt at 6 months of age
· Lost in same order in which they are formed

Permanent teeth

32
appear at age 6

the four types of teeth

incisors, cuspids, bicuspids, molars

incisors

biting of food

cuspid

grasp and tear food

bicuspids and molars

both crush and grind food

Crown above

gums

roots are

under gums

Enamel

lines the crown

cementum

lines the root

anything digestive

parasympathetic

what saliva gland produce the most

submandibular glands
and then parotid and then sublingual

Salivary amylase

mouth and brakes down carb

Pharyngeal phase

that's when the uvula and the epiglottis closes

stomach

o Mixing food with gastric juice to form chyme

o Starting enzymatic digestion of protein

Parietal cells put out

HCL

intrinsic factor

g-cell- gastrin

Why is HCl important?

Denatures proteins and activates pepsin

chief cells

- Pepsinogen> Pepsin

What does intrinsic factor do?

Helps us absorb B12 n the intestines

What is "alkaline tide"?

It means base. After you eat blood is basic for a few hours. Because of the chloride shift

pacemaker cells

set the pase of our GI tract

cephalic phase

This phase is we get ready for food when we think about it

gastric phase

Stretch of the stomach, elevated Ph, and partly digestive peptides started by the gastric phase

intestine phase

This is inhibitory controlled by the intestine, goes in the small intestine(duodenum)turn off the chief cell and parietal cells. This phase also stimulates the pancreases and gall bladder to give base and bile. Decreases ph. cause secretin

Purpose of duodenum?

Mixing bowl for secretions from stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, and liver