AP human shorter but better final exam review

Place

A specific point on Earth distinguished by its physical and human characteristics.

Spatial Perspective

A way of analyzing phenomena based on where they occur and their spatial relationships.

Human Geography

The study of how human activity is organized spatially and how humans interact with their environment.

Relative Location

The position of a place in relation to another place, often described using landmarks, distance, or direction.

Pandemic

An outbreak of a disease that spreads worldwide or across a large geographic area, affecting a significant portion of the population.

Cultural Hearth

A place where culture originates and develops, spreading to other areas.

Possibilism

The theory that humans have the ability to adjust and modify their environment to overcome environmental limitations.

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface that is permanently inhabited by humans.

Anti-natalist Policy

A government policy aimed at reducing birth rates, such as China's One Child Policy.

Pro-natalist Policy

A government policy designed to encourage higher birth rates, often through incentives like parental leave or financial support.

Infanticide

The intentional killing of infants, often due to cultural, economic, or social pressures.

Extinct Language

A language that no longer has any speakers or is no longer used in daily activities.

Chain Migration

The process where immigrants move to a location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

Net Migration

The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants in an area.

Step Migration

Migration that occurs in stages, such as moving from a rural area to a town and then to a city.

Migrant

A person who moves from one place to another, typically for economic, social, or environmental reasons.

Refugee

A person forced to leave their country due to persecution, war, or natural disaster.

Emigrant

A person who leaves their own country to settle permanently in another.

Immigrant

A person who moves into a new country to live permanently.

Time-space Compression

The reduction of time it takes for something to travel across space due to technological advancements.

Pidgin

A simplified language that develops as a means of communication between groups speaking different native languages.

Diaspora

The dispersion of a group of people from their original homeland to multiple locations.

Isogloss

A boundary that separates regions where different language usages or dialects predominate.

Transculturation

The process of cultural exchange and blending between groups, leading to the creation of new cultural elements.

Distance Decay

The concept that the interaction between two places decreases as the distance between them increases.

Sequence Occupancy

The idea that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, contributing to the cultural landscape.

Acculturation

The process of adopting cultural traits or social patterns of another group while retaining some aspects of one's original culture.

Local Scale

A geographic scale that focuses on a small, specific area, such as a city or neighborhood.

National Scale

A geographic scale that focuses on a country as a whole.

Global Scale

A geographic scale that examines phenomena affecting the entire world.

Dependency Ratio

The ratio of people in a population who are dependent (under 15 and over 65) to those who are of working age.

Cartography

The science and art of making maps, including the techniques of map design, creation, and interpretation.

Meridians

Longitude lines that meet at the pole.

Parallels

Latitude lines.

Physical Geography

Mountains, rivers, lakes, oceans, anything that has to do with the physical aspects of geography.

Scale

The relationship between the measure and distance in real life (e.g., 1 inch = 10 km).

Culture Trait

An attribute of a specific culture that has been socially created and transmitted to others by various means.

Population Density

How many people are in an area.

Toponym

Name of a place.

Gender

The classification of individuals as male or female.

Climate

Description of the climate in a region.

Rich Biodiversity

Diverse plant and animal life supporting agriculture.

Urban Planning

Mapping city infrastructure and zoning areas.

Disaster Response

Identifying areas impacted by floods or earthquakes for relief efforts.

Diffusion

The process by which something spreads from one place to another.

Expansion Diffusion

Diffusion that expands but has more force where it originated.

Relocation Diffusion

The spread of an idea, culture, or innovation through the physical movement of people from one place to another.

Hierarchical Diffusion

Diffusion that comes from a person who has influence or power.

Stimulus Diffusion

A type of cultural diffusion where a specific trait stimulates new innovations or adaptations even if the original idea is altered.

Contagious Diffusion

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.

Crude Birth Rate

The number of live births per 1,000 people in a given year.

Death Rate

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a given year.

Rate of Natural Increase

The difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate.

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land.

Arithmetic Density

The total population of a country divided by the total land area.

Physiologic Density

The number of people per unit of arable land.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum number of people that an area can sustainably support.

Doubling Time

The time it takes for a population to double in size.

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime.

Zero Population Growth

A situation where the birth rate equals the death rate.

Pull Factors

Factors that encourage people to move to a certain location.

Push Factors

Factors that discourage people from moving to a certain location.

Internally Displaced Persons

People who are forced to flee their homes but remain within their own country.

Asylum Seekers

People who seek refuge in a foreign country due to fear of persecution.

Demographic Transition Model

A model explaining population changes as a country develops.

DTM

Explains how a country’s population changes as it develops.

ETM

Explains how the causes of death change as a country develops.

Urban Areas

Areas characterized by high population density and modern amenities.

Rural Areas

Areas with low population density, often dominated by natural surroundings.

Folk Culture

Traditional, localized culture passed down through generations.

Popular Culture

Culture that is widespread and influenced by modern technology.

Monotheistic Religion

A religion that believes in one god.

Polytheistic Religion

A religion that believes in many gods.

Race

A category used to classify distinct populations based on shared physical characteristics.

Ethnicity

A category based on cultural connections.

Habit

Something you do routinely.

Customs

Cultural practices that are traditional and passed down through generations.

Esperanto

A made-up language created to be easy for international communication.

Lingua Franca

A common language used between people of different native languages.

Creole

A new language that develops when people mix elements of different languages.

Standard Languages

The version of a language used in formal settings like schools.

Language Family

A group of languages that come from a common ancestor.

Language Branch

A smaller group within a language family.

Dialect

Regional variance of a standard language.

Syncretism

The blending of different cultural or religious beliefs into a new system.

Relativism

The idea that culture should be understood based on its own values.

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own culture is superior to others.

Adherents

People who follow a particular religion or belief system.

Universal Religions

Religions that aim to spread their beliefs to all people.

Ethnic Religions

Religions tied to specific ethnic groups and do not seek converts.

Sense of Place

The emotional significance attached to a particular location.

Assimilation

The process where individuals or groups adopt the customs of another culture.

Gerrymandering

The practice of drawing electoral district boundaries to benefit one political party.

Landlocked Country

A country that has no coastline and access to the sea.

Territoriality

The way people claim, use, or defend a particular area of land.

Colonialism

The practice of one country controlling another for resources and power.

Neocolonialism

Indirect control of a weaker country by a more powerful country.

Enclave

A territory surrounded by another country.

Exclave

A part of a country that is geographically separated from the main part.

Stateless Nation

A cultural group without a recognized independent state.