AP human shorter but better final exam review

Unit 1 Spatial Perspectives

Place- A specific point on Earth distinguished by its physical and human characteristics.
Spatial Perspective- A way of analyzing phenomena based on where they occur and their spatial
Human geography- The study of how human activity is organized spatially and how humans interact with their environment.
Relative location:- The position of a place in relation to another place, often described using landmarks, distance, or direction.
Pandemic - An outbreak of a disease that spreads worldwide or across a large geographic area, affecting a significant portion of the population.
Culture heart- A place where culture originates and develops, spreading to other areas (e.g., Mesopotamia as the hearth of early civilization).
Possibilism- The theory that humans have the ability to adjust and modify their environment to overcome environmental limitations.
Ecumene - The portion of Earth's surface that is permanently inhabited by humans.
Anti-natalist Policy (One Child Policy)- A government policy aimed at reducing birth rates, such as China's One Child Policy.
Pro-natalist Policy- A government policy designed to encourage higher birth rates, often through incentives like parental leave or financial support.
Infanticide - The intentional killing of infants, often due to cultural, economic, or social pressures
Extinct language- A language that no longer has any speakers or is no longer used in daily activities.
Chain Migration- The process where immigrants move to a location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.
Net Migration- The difference between the number of immigrants (people entering) and emigrants (people leaving) in an area.
Step Migration- Migration that occurs in stages, such as moving from a rural area to a town and then to a city.
Migrant - A person who moves from one place to another, typically for economic, social, or environmental reasons.
Refugee- A person forced to leave their country due to persecution, war, or natural disaster.
Emigrant- A person who leaves their own country to settle permanently in another.
Immigrant- A person who moves into a new country to live permanently.
Time-space compression- The reduction of time it takes for something (e.g., information, goods, people) to travel across space due to technological advancements.
Pidgin- A simplified language that develops as a means of communication between groups speaking different native languages.
Diaspora- The dispersion of a group of people from their original homeland to multiple locations.
Isogloss- A boundary that separates regions where different language usages or dialects predominate.
Transculturation- The process of cultural exchange and blending between groups, leading to the creation of new cultural elements.
Distance decay- The concept that the interaction between two places decreases as the distance between them increases.
Sequence occupancy - The idea that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, contributing to the cultural landscape.
Acculturation- The process of adopting cultural traits or social patterns of another group while retaining some aspects of one's original culture.
Local Scale- A geographic scale that focuses on a small, specific area, such as a city or neighborhood.
National Scale- A geographic scale that focuses on a country as a whole.
Global Scale- A geographic scale that examines phenomena affecting the entire world.
Dependency Ratio- The ratio of people in a population who are dependent (under 15 and over 65) to those who are of working age.

Nature and Perspective

Know and write the following definitions and draw a visual example of each: None of these terms are new, you must have them on your KBAT or class notes.

Term	Definition	Visual
Cartography	The science and art of making maps, including the techniques of map design, creation, and interpretation.
Meridians	Longitude lines that meet at the pole.
Parallels	Latitude lines.
Physical geography	Mountains, rivers, lakes, oceans, anything that has to do with the physical aspects of geography.
Scale	The relationship between the measure and distance in real life	1 inch = 10 km, 10 Miles
Culture trait	an attribute of a specific culture that has been socially created and transmitted to others by various means of communication
Population Density	How many people are in an area	Plano, Texas. Plano means flat in Spanish
Toponym	name of a place
Gender	Male and Female.

Climate

Description of this climate in the region	Economic impact on the population
Tropical regions Warm areas near the equator with lots of rain and diverse plants and animals.	Rich biodiversity and fertile soil support agriculture (e.g., coffee, sugarcane, bananas), but high rainfall and heat can lead to challenges like diseases (e.g., malaria) and infrastructure difficulties.
Temperate region Close to the coast and low elevation	Moderate climate supports diverse agriculture, industry, and urban development, making these areas economically prosperous.
Arctic Regions Close to the poles	Harsh conditions limit agriculture, leading to reliance on resource extraction (e.g., oil, gas, and fishing) and government subsidies.
Arid Regions Dry or dessert	Limited water resources hinder farming, requiring reliance on mining, oil extraction, and, in some cases, tourism (e.g., desert safaris).

Regions:

Region type	Definition	Visual
Formal	A region defined by one or more measurable, shared traits, such as language, climate, or political boundaries.
Functional	A region organized around a central point (node) and the areas connected to it through economic, social, or transportation systems.
Perceptual	Attitudes and feelings by an area exp. Tornado alley
Vernacular	A region perceived and defined by its inhabitants, often overlapping with perceptual regions but tied to local language and culture.

Projections

Label the following projections, and mention the advantages and disadvantages.

Mercator

Robinson Gall-peters

Goode’s Homolosin Azimuthal Conal or conic

The following images are examples of? Explain what their uses are

GIS GPS

GIS- A system for capturing, storing, analyzing, Uses:

and displaying spatial or geographic data.

Urban planning: Mapping city infrastructure and zoning areas.

Environmental management: Monitoring deforestation or tracking wildlife migration.

Disaster response: Identifying areas impacted by floods or earthquakes for relief efforts.

Business: Choosing optimal locations for new stores based on population and traffic patterns.

GPS- A satellite-based system for determining precise locations on Earth.

Navigation: Helping drivers and ships reach destinations with turn-by-turn directions.

Emergency services: Locating people in need during emergencies.

Mapping: Collecting data for creating accurate maps.

Agriculture: Enabling precision farming by mapping fields for planting and irrigation.

Types of diffusion

Define and provide examples:

Diffusion is:

Expansion Diffusion: Diffusion that expands but has more force where it originated.

Relocation Diffusion: The spread of an idea, culture, or innovation through the physical movement of people from one place to another.

Hierarchical Diffusion:

It comes from a person who has influence or power

Stimulus Diffusion: A type of cultural diffusion where a specific trait or idea stimulates new innovations or adaptations in the receiving culture, even if the original idea is altered or modified.

Contagious Diffusion:

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population, typically spreading outward from its hearth in a wave-like manner.

Unit 2 Population Migration

Rates and other statistics: Write the definition and explain how it relates to a country’s population:

Crude birth rate - The number of live births per 1,000 people in a given year.
Death rate - The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a given year.
Rate of Natural Increase - The difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate, indicating the rate at which a population is growing or declining.
Agricultural Density - The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land.
Arithmetic Density - The total population of a country divided by the total land area.
Physiologic Density - The number of people per unit of arable land.
Population Density - The average number of people living per square kilometer or mile.
Carrying Capacity - The maximum number of people that an area can sustainably support without depleting resources.
Doubling time - The time it takes for a population to double in size, given the current rate of growth.
Total fertility rate - The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime.
Geometric rate - A population growth rate where the number of people increases exponentially, doubling in a consistent period.
Arithmetic rate - A growth rate where the population increases at a constant, linear rate, adding a fixed number of people each period.
Zero Population Growth - A situation where the birth rate equals the death rate, resulting in no net population growth.
Pull and push factors - Factors that either encourage (pull) or discourage (push) people to move to a certain location.
Internally displaced persons - People who are forced to flee their homes due to conflict, persecution, or disasters but remain within their own country.
Asylum seekers - People who seek refuge in a foreign country due to fear of persecution in their home country, waiting for their request for asylum to be processed.

Explain the following image:

Explanation: The demographic transition model

Stage 1: Populations remain small and unstable due to high mortality rates.

Stage 2: Rapid population growth occurs as death rates fall but birth rates stay high.

Stage 3: Growth slows as birth rates decline, leading to a more manageable population size.

Stage 4: Populations stabilize with a low growth rate due to both low birth and death rates.

Stage 5: Population begins to shrink as the birth rate is lower than the death rate, leading to potential challenges such as labor shortages and an aging population.

Explain the difference and connections between DTM and ETM

DTM explains how a country’s population changes (growing, stable, or shrinking) as it develops.

ETM explains how the causes of death change in a population as that country develops, from infectious diseases to chronic illnesses.

Unit 3 Culture

Compare and contrast the following terms:

Urban

Commonalities

Rural

Areas characterized by high population density, infrastructure, and modern amenities. Typically associated with cities or metropolitan areas.

Both represent types of environments where people live, but differ in terms of population density, economic activities, and lifestyle.

Areas with low population density, often dominated by open land and natural surroundings.

Folk Culture

Commonalities

Popular Culture

Traditional, localized culture typically passed down through generations, often in small communities.

Both are forms of culture that influence people's daily lives, behaviors, and identity.

Culture that is widespread and influenced by mass media, globalization, and modern technology.

Monotheistic

Commonalities

Polytheistic

Religion believes in one god.

Both are types of religious belief systems that explain the nature of the divine and shape societies' moral codes and practices.

Religion that belives in many gods.

Race

Commonalities

Ethnicity

Physical experience, DNA.

Both are categories used to classify and characterize seemingly distinct populations based on shared characteristics, often used to describe identity and group membership.

Group where you are culturally connected to.

Habit

Commonalities

Customs

Something you do with a routine.

Both involve aspects of people's lives and cultures, with habitat referring to the physical environment where people live and customs referring to social behaviors and traditions.

Cultural practice. Exp. On Christmas, families go to church.

Languages

Tree time!

Cut and Paste the language family tree with the main branches. Make sure to include the following terms: Indo-European, Slavic, Romance, Baltic German and Dravidian. Use your class notes.

Define the following terms about languages:

Esperanto- A made-up language created to be easy for people from different countries to use as a common language.
Lingua Franca- Common language between people
Creole - A new language that develops when people who speak different languages need to communicate and mix parts of those languages.
Standard languages - The version of a language that is used in formal settings like schools, books, and news.
Family - A group of languages that come from a common ancestor and have similar words and rules.
Branch - A smaller group within a language family that includes languages that are closely related.
Dialect- Regional variance of a standard language.

Religion

Explain the main beliefs of the following religions:

Judaism

Christianity

Islam

Monotheistic, Does not seek converts, Places of worship, synagogues

Seeks converts, Monotheistic, Churches

Seeks converts, monotheistic, masjids

Roman Catholic

Protestant

Orthodox

Catholics believe in one God, follow the Bible, and follow the Pope. They believe in going to church for things like baptism and communion and that there is heaven, hell, and purgatory.

Protestants believe in the Bible as the only guide to life and believe in being saved through faith in Jesus Christ. They do not follow the Pope.

Eastern Orthodox Christians believe in one God and follow the Bible. They focus on tradition and church councils instead of a single leader like the Pope.

Hinduism

Sikhism

Bahai

Hindus believe in one supreme God (Brahman) and many other gods. They believe in reincarnation (being reborn) and karma (the idea that actions affect your future). The goal is to break free from the cycle of reincarnation.

Baha'is believe in one God and that all religions come from the same source. They focus on the unity of all people, equality, and peace.

Buddhism

Shintoism

Daoism

Buddhists follow the teachings of Buddha, focusing on overcoming suffering by understanding life’s truths and following the Eightfold Path to reach enlightenment (nirvana).

Shintoists believe in spirits (kami) that live in nature. They focus on purity, respect for nature, and rituals to honor these spirits.

Daoists believe in the Dao, a natural force that flows through everything. They emphasize living simply and in harmony with nature.

Explain the terms related to Unit 3:

Syncretism- The blending of different cultural or religious beliefs and practices into a new system.
Relativism - The idea that each culture or belief system should be understood based on its own values and context, not judged by the standards of another.
Ethnocentrism - The belief that one's own culture or group is superior to others.
Adherents- People who follow or support a particular religion or belief system.
Universal Religions- Religions that aim to spread their beliefs to all people worldwide, regardless of culture or location.
Ethnic Religions- Religions that are closely tied to a specific ethnic group or culture and usually do not seek to convert outsiders.
Sense of place- The emotional and cultural significance people attach to a particular location or environment.
Assimilation - The process by which individuals or groups from one culture adopt the customs and practices of another culture, often to the point of becoming indistinguishable from the majority culture.

Unit 4 Political

Terms related to Political Unit

Gerrymandering - The practice of drawing electoral district boundaries in a way that benefits one political party over others.
Landlocked country- A country that does not have any coastline or access to the sea.
Territoriality- The way people or groups claim, use, or defend a particular area of land.
Colonialism- The practice of one country controlling and exploiting another country or territory, often for resources and power.
Neo-colonialism- When a powerful country indirectly controls or influences a weaker country, often through economic or political pressure, rather than direct colonization.
Enclave- A small territory or region that is completely surrounded by another count
Exclave - A part of a country that is geographically separated from the main part and is surrounded by foreign territory.
Stateless Nation- A group of people with a shared culture, language, and history who do not have their own country or independent state.
Nation-State- A country that is primarily made up of one nation or ethnic group.
Multinational states- Countries that contain more than one nation or ethnic group within their borders.
Nationalism - A strong sense of pride and loyalty to one’s nation, often emphasizing its independence and interests.
Nation - A group of people who share a common identity, culture, language, or history.
State - A political unit with a defined territory, government, and sovereignty (control over its own affairs).
Semi-autonomous Region- A region within a country that has some degree of self-rule but is still governed by the central government.
Autonomous Region - A region with a high degree of self-government but still officially part of a larger country.
Microstates - Extremely small countries, often with limited land and population.
Balkanization- The process of a country breaking up into smaller, often hostile, regions or states.
Unitary system- A system of government where power is concentrated in the central government, and local governments have limited powers.
Balkanization - The process of a country breaking up into smaller, often hostile, regions or states.
Devolution - The transfer of power from a central government to regional or local governments.
Geopolitical- Relating to the politics and power relations between countries, influenced by geography, resources, and other factors.
Shatterbelts- Regions where there is conflict and instability due to a combination of competing political, cultural, or religious forces.
Irredentism- The desire of a country to reclaim or annex territory that is considered to be culturally or historically part of it, but is under the control of another country.
Federal System- A system of government where power is shared between a central government and regional or state governments.

Define Supranationalism: A form of cooperation where multiple countries work together on issues that affect all of them, often giving up some degree of sovereignty to a higher authority or organization.

Explain the purpose of the following organizations:

OPEC – Organization of Petroleum Countries - OPEC coordinates and regulates the oil production of its member countries to ensure stable oil prices and supply on the global market.

ASEAN - Association of Southeast Asian Nations- ASEAN promotes political, economic, and cultural cooperation among Southeast Asian countries to support peace, stability, and shared prosperity in the region.

NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization- NATO is a military alliance of countries in Europe and North America that agree to defend each other if one member is attacked.

EU – European Union- The EU is a political and economic union of European countries that aims to promote economic cooperation, free trade, and a shared political environment among its members.

UN – United Nations- The UN is an international organization formed to maintain global peace and security, promote human rights, and foster cooperation on issues like health, education, and the environment.

Compare and contrast the following

Centripetal Force

Commonality

Centrifugal Force

A force or factor that brings people or countries together, promoting unity and stability within a state or region.

Both centripetal and centrifugal forces are factors that affect the unity or division of a country or region. While centripetal forces bring people together, centrifugal forces push them apart. They both play a role in the stability or instability of states.

A force or factor that causes division or separation, leading to instability or conflict within a state or region.

Write the definition with an example for the following boundaries

Relic Boundary	Superimposed Boundary	Subsequent Boundary
A boundary that no longer functions but has historical significance or still reflects cultural differences. The Berlin Wall,	A boundary that is imposed by an external power, often without regard for existing cultural or ethnic groups. The borders drawn by European powers in Africa during colonialism	A boundary that is drawn after the settlement of an area and reflects the cultural or ethnic divisions between groups. The boundary between India and Pakistan
Antecedent Boundary	Geometric Boundary	Consequent Boundary
A boundary that existed before the cultural landscape of the area developed. The boundary between the U.S. and Canada	A boundary drawn using straight lines, often without regard to physical or cultural features. The border between the U.S. and Canada in many areas	A boundary that is drawn to accommodate the cultural differences between groups. The boundary between North and South Korea
Delimited Boundary	Defined Boundary	Demarcated Boundary
A boundary that is drawn on a map, marking the limits of a territory. A country’s official map showing borders in paper but not irl	A boundary that has been legally established through treaties or agreements. The border between the U.S. and Mexico	A boundary that is physically marked with signs, fences, walls, or other markers. The boundary between the U.S. and Mexico,

Know the following government types

Monarchy

Dictatorship

Democracy

Theocracy

A form of government where a king, queen, or emperor rules the country, often for life or until abdication. The power can be absolute or ceremonial depending on the system.

A government in which one person or a small group holds absolute power, often taken by force, and rules without consent of the people.

A system of government where power is vested in the people, who rule either directly or through elected representatives.

A government in which religious leaders or a religious institution rules, and the state's legal system is based on religious laws.

Conflicts

Define and give an example:

Ethnic

Political

Religious

Type of Conflict	What is the conflict about?
Catalonia Political	he Catalonia conflict refers to the ongoing struggle between the regional government of Catalonia, in northeastern Spain, and the Spanish government over Catalonia's desire for independence.
Nigeria Ethnic, Religious, and Political	Nigeria experiences multiple conflicts, mainly driven by ethnic, religious, and regional divisions. The most notable include tensions between the Muslim-majority north and the Christian-majority south, as well as conflicts involving ethnic groups such as the Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo.
Eritrea Political and Ethnic	The Eritrean conflict refers to the struggle for independence from Ethiopia, which led to Eritrea becoming an independent state in 1993. However, tensions with Ethiopia continued, especially over the disputed border region, leading to the Eritrean-Ethiopian War from 1998 to 2000.
Kurds Ethnic and Political	The Kurdish conflict involves the Kurdish ethnic group, which is spread across parts of Turkey, Iraq, Syria, and Iran, seeking autonomy or independence. Kurdish groups have often been involved in uprisings or armed conflicts to achieve greater political or cultural rights.
Former Soviet Union Ethnic and Political	The conflicts of the Former Soviet Union refer to the political, ethnic, and territorial disputes that emerged after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. These conflicts arose as republics sought independence or struggled with political and ethnic issues.