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Follicle-stimulating (FSH)

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DAT STUDY SHEET FROM KAPLAN

DAT

114 Terms

1

Follicle-stimulating (FSH)

Hormone from the Anterior Pituitary
- Stimulates follicle maturation, spermatogenesis

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2

Luteinizing (LH)

Hormone from the Anterior Pituitary
-Stimulates ovulation, testosterone synthesis

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3

Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)

Hormone from the Anterior Pituitary
-Stimulates adrenal cortex to make and secrete corticosteroids

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4

Thyroid-stimulating (TSH)

Hormone from the Anterior Pituitary
-Stimulates thyroid to produce thyroid hormones

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5

Prolactin

Hormone from the Anterior Pituitary
- stimulates milk production and secretion

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6

Endorphins

Hormone from the Anterior Pituitary
- Inhibit the perception of pain in the brain

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7

Growth hormone

Hormone from the Anterior Pituitary
-Stimulates bone and muscle growth, lipolysis

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8

Oxytocin

Hormone from the Hypothalamus; stores in the posterior pituitary
- Stimulates uterine counteractions during labor, milk secretion during lactation

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9

Vasopressin (ADH)

Hormone from the Hypothalamus; stores in the posterior pituitary
- Stimulates water reabsorption in kidneys

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10

Thyroid hormones (T4, T3)

Hormone from the thyroid (which is related to iodine)
- Stimulates metabolic activity

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11

Calcitonin

Hormone from the thyroid (which is related to iodine)
- Decreases (tones down) blood calcium level

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12

Parathyroid hormone

Hormone from the Parathyroid
- Increases blood calcium level

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13

Glucocorticoids

Hormone from the Adrenal Cortex
- Increases blood glucose level, decrease protein synthesis

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14

Mineralocorticoids

Hormone from the Adrenal Cortex
- Increases water reabsorption in kidneys

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15

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

Hormone from the Adrenal medulla
- Increases blood glucose level and heart rate

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16

Glucagon

Hormone from the Pancreas
- Simulates conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver and increases blood glucose

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17

Insulin

Hormone from the Pancreas (not a steroid)
- Lowers blood glucose and increases glycogen stores

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18

Somatostatin

Hormone from the Pancreas
- Suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin

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19

Testosterone

Hormone from the testes
- Maintains male secondary sexual characteristics

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20

Estrogen

Hormone from the Ovary/Placenta
- Maintains female secondary sexual charcteristics

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21

Melatonin

Hormone from the Pineal
- Maintains circadian rhythms

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22

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Hormone from the heart
- Involved in osmoregulation and vasodilation

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23

Thymosin

Hormone from the thymus
- Stimulates T lymphocyte development

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24

Peptide Hormones

Mechanism of hormone action via secondary messengers

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25

Steroid Hormones

Mechanism of hormone action via Hormone/receptor binding to DNA

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26

Monoamine Hormones

Mechanism of hormone action both:
Hormone/receptor binding to DNA
secondary messengers

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27

What is the overall reaction of photosynthesis?

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2

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28

What are the products of the Light Reactions in photosynthesis?

NADPH, ATP, Oxygen, and Protons

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29

What are the products of the Calvin Cycle (Dark Reactions)?

C3H6O3 (Glyceraldehyde or G3P), Water, NADP, ADP, Inorganic Phosphate

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30

What are the four stages of Early Development

Cleavage: Mitotic divisions
Implantation: Embryo implants during blastulation
Gastrulation: Ectoderm, Endoderm, and Mesoderm formation
Neurulation: Germ layers develop a nervous system

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31

What does the Ectoderm form?

-Nervous system
-epidermis
-lens of eye
-inner ear

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32

What does endoderm form?

-lining of digestive tract
-Lungs
-Liver
-Pancreas

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33

What does the Mesoderm form?

-Muscles
-Skeleton
-Circulatory System
-Gonads
-Kidneys

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34

What does Aldosterone do in Homeostasis?

Steroid signaling molecule that stimulates Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion, increasing water reabsorption, blood volume and blood pressure
- Secreted from the Adrenal cortex
- Regulated by Renin-angiotensin system

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35

What role does ADH play in Homeostasis?

-Increases collecting duct’s permeability to water to increase water reabsorption
-Secreted from posterior pituitary with high (solute) in the blood

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36

What are the 7 roles of the Liver in Homeostasis?

  1. Gluconeogenesis

  2. Processing of nitrogenous waste (urea)

  3. Detoxification of wastes/chemicals/drugs

  4. Storage of Iron and vitamin B12

  5. Synthesis of Bile and blood proteins

  6. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids to ketones

  7. Interconversion of carbs, fat, and amino acids

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37

Ribulose 1,5-biphosphate (RuBP)

Important protein that captures CO2 from the environment

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38

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (RuBisCO)

protein responsible for fixation of CO2 to form a six carbon compound for glucose production

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39

Pepsin

Produced in the Gastric Glands (chief cells) for the stomach:
-Hydrolyzes specific peptide bonds
-Protein digestion

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40

Trypsin

Produced in the Pancreas for the Small Intestine
-Hydrolyze specific peptide bonds
-Converts chymotrypsinogen
-Protein Digestion

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41

Chymotrypsin

Produced in the Pancreas for the Small Intestine:
-Hydrolyzes specific peptide bonds
-Protein Digestion

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42

Carboxypeptidase

Produced in the Pancreas for the Small Intestine:
-Hydrolyzes Terminal peptide bond at carboxyl
-Protein Digestion

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43

Aminopeptidase

Produced in the Intestinal Glands for the Small Intestine:
-Hydrolyzes terminal peptide bond at amino
-Protein Digestion

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44

Dipeptidases

Produced in the Intestinal Glands for the Small Intestine:
-Hydrolyzes pairs of amino acids
-Protein Digestion

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45

Enterokinase

Produced in the Intestinal Glands for the Small Intestine:
-Converts trypsinogen to trypsin
-Protein Digestion

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46

Salivary amylase (ptyalin)

Produced in the Salivary Glands for the Mouth:
-Hydrolyzes Starch into Maltose
-Carbohydrate Digestion

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47

Pancreatic Amylase

Produced in the Pancreas for the Small Intestine:
-Hydrolyzed Starch into Maltose
-Carbohydrate Digestion

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48

Maltase

Produced in the Intestinal Glands for the Small Intestine:
-Hydrolyzes Maltose into 2 Glucose
-Carbohydrate Digestion

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49

Sucrase

Produced in the Intestinal Glands for the Small Intestine:
-Hydrolyzes Sucrose into Glucose + Fructose
-Carbohydrate Digestion

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50

Lactase

Produced in the Intestinal Glands for the Small Intestine:
-Hydrolyzes Lactose into Glucose + Galactose
- Carbohydrate Digestion

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51

Double Fertilization

-Mostly occurs in Angiosperms
-Two male gametes combine with the female gametophyte

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52

Endosperm

Food-storing tissue in the developing plant embryo

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53

Meiosis 1

  • Two pairs of sister chromatids form tetrads during prophase 1

  • Crossing over leads to genetic recombination in Prophase 1

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54

Meiosis 2

  • Identical to mitosis but without replication

  • Meiosis occurs in both spermatogenesis (sperm formation) and oogenesis (egg formation)

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55

The sequence of embryonic development

Zygote → Morula → Blastula → Gastrula
The union of male and female gametes produces a zygote. The zygote undergoes many cleavages, or divisions, first forming a morula, a solid ball of cells. The next stage in embryonic development is the blastula, which is a hollow ball of cells. The blastula invaginates to form a gastrula with three germ layers: the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm (moving outwards from the inside).

<p><strong>Zygote → Morula → Blastula → Gastrula</strong><br>The union of male and female gametes produces a zygote. The zygote undergoes many cleavages, or divisions, first forming a morula, a solid ball of cells. The next stage in embryonic development is the blastula, which is a hollow ball of cells. The blastula invaginates to form a gastrula with three germ layers: the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm (moving outwards from the inside).</p>
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56

Operant Conditioning

method of learning that employs rewards and punishments for behavior

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57

Pavlovian Conditioning

Classical Conditioning, associating a biological response to an environmental stimulus

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58

Single nondisjunction

Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division. Results in:
-Miscarriage
-more or less chromosomes
-Down syndrome

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59

Insect Gas Exchange

Occurs through the Tracheae

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60

Mammal Characteristics

-Milk producing
-Three bones in the middle ear
-Heterodont Dentition (different types of teeth)
-Sebaceous glands (oil producing)

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61

Poikilothermic

Organisms with varying internal temperature

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62

Brain Division (3 sections)

-Prosencephalon (forebrain)
-Mesencephalon (midbrain)
-Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

<p>-Prosencephalon (forebrain)<br>-Mesencephalon (midbrain)<br>-Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)</p>
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63

Excretion organs

Skin
Lungs
Liver
Kidney
Large Intestine

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64

Chiasmata

Structure formed when crossing over occurs

<p>Structure formed when crossing over occurs</p>
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65

tRNA

  1. Function:

    • Acts as an intermediary during protein synthesis.

    • Carries a specific amino acid based on its anticodon sequence.

  2. Structure:

    • Unique cloverleaf-shaped structure.

    • Contains anticodon loop, acceptor arm, and D-arm/T-arm.

<ol><li><p><strong>Function</strong>:</p><ul><li><p>Acts as an intermediary during <strong>protein synthesis</strong>.</p></li><li><p>Carries a specific <strong>amino acid</strong> based on its <strong>anticodon</strong> sequence.</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>Structure</strong>:</p><ul><li><p>Unique <strong>cloverleaf-shaped</strong> structure.</p></li><li><p>Contains <strong>anticodon loop</strong>, <strong>acceptor arm</strong>, and <strong>D-arm/T-arm</strong>.</p></li></ul></li></ol>
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66

Fetal blood circulation characteristics

  • Blood is oxygenated at the placenta

  • Blood is shunted away from the lungs by the ductus arteriosus

  • Fetal lungs receive very little blood

  • Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for Oxygen than adult hemoglobin

<ul><li><p>Blood is oxygenated at the placenta</p></li><li><p>Blood is shunted away from the lungs by the ductus arteriosus</p></li><li><p>Fetal lungs receive very little blood</p></li><li><p>Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for Oxygen than adult hemoglobin</p></li></ul>
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67

Osteoblast

Builds bone

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68

Osteoclast

Breaks down bone tissue

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69

The 4 types of Animal Communication

Visual - Body language, facial expressions, coloration
Auditory - Vocalization, calls, screams, songs
Olfactory (chemical) - scent to portray territoriality, fear, aggression, or mating interest

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70

Upper & Lower Epidermis

Thin layers of cell that protect the leaf from and damage and prevent water loss.
Contains the cuticle, stoma, and guard cells

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71

Mesophyll

A layer of photosynthetic cells between the upper and lower epidermis contains most of the leaf’s chloroplasts, which are responsible for photosynthesis.

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72

Cuticle

Layer of wax covering the leaves’ upper and lower surfaces

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73

Stoma

Contain pores called stomata on the bottom surface, allowing gases to enter and exit the leaf.

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74

Guard Cells

Stomata are regulated by guard cells, which open and close them in response to environmental conditions such as light, temperature, and humidity.

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75

Turgid

A hypotonic condition that means full of water

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76

Plasmolysis

Hypertonic condition that involves the shrinkage of the plasma membrane and pulls away from the cell wall due to water loss in the cell

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77

Auxins

A plant specific hormone that increases cell growth and is related why plants growth opposite and with gravity.

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78

Cytokinins

Plant hormone that increases cell division

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79

Gibberellins

Plant hormone that increases cell growht

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80

Ethylene

Plant hormone that increases the fruit ripening

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81

Abscisic Acid

Plant hormone that decreases and inhibits cell growth

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82

4 stages of the bacterial growth curve

Lag - adapting phase, preparing for replication
Exponential - exponential growth at maximum rates
Stationary - slowed growth rate, no longer increasing
Death - final phase, cells begin to die off

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83

Transformation

Bacterium takes up DNA from its environment

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84

Transduction

Genetic information is transferred from one organism to another by a virus or other agent

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85

Conjugation

Sexual reproduction where two bacteria come together and exchange DNA using a pilus bridge.

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86

The 2 types of joints

Ligament - Flexible band of tissue that attach bones to bones

Tendon - Flexible bands of tissue that attach muscles to bones

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87

Epiglottis

Flap-like structure that prevent food or liquids from entering the airway

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88

Pharynx

Plays a role in swallowing and breathing

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89

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs

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90

Skeletal Muscle

Features include: Striated fibers and voluntary movements

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91

Smooth muscle

Features include: Non-striated Fibers and involuntary movements

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92

Cardiac Muscle

Features include: Striated Fibers, involuntary movement (blood pumping), and containing intercalated discs (high conc. of gap junctions allowing for electrical communication between cardiac muscle cells)

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93

Fetal blood circulatory terms

Ductus Venosus - Allows blood to bypass the liver
Ductus Arteriosus - Allows blood to bypass the lungs
Foramen Ovale - Allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the lungs

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94

Prezygotic Isolation

Occurs when two species cannot mate with each other or produce fertile offspring because of one of the following:
- Habitat isolation
- Behavioral Isolation
- Gametic Isolation
- Mechanical Isolation
- Temporal Isolation

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95

Postzygotic Isolation

Occurs when two species can mate and produce offspring, but the offspring cannot produce their own fertile offspring. Different types:
- Hybrid inviability
- Hybrid sterility
- Hybrid breakdown

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96

Kidney functions

Controls the production of RBC
Removal of waste products from the body
Regulation of electrolyte levels
Regulation of the body’s fluid balance

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97

Tricuspid valve

Located between the right atrium and right ventricle that contains unoxygenated blood.

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98

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

Located between the right ventricle and lungs and contains unoxygenated blood.

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99

Bicuspid valve (mitral Valve)

Located between the left atrium and left ventricle and contains oxygenated blood

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100

Aortic Semilunar Valve

Located between the left ventricle and aorta and contains oxygenated blood

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