APUSH TEST PERIOD 1+2

New England Colonies

• Economic: Shipbuilding, fishing, lumber, trade

• Social: Puritan-dominated, emphasis on education

• Political: Town meetings, representative assemblies

Middle Colonies

• Economic: Diverse agriculture, manufacturing, trade

• Social: Diverse religions, ethnicities

• Political: Proprietary and royal colonies

Southern Colonies

• Economic: Cash crops (tobacco, rice, indigo), plantation system

• Social: Hierarchical, slavery-based society

• Political: House of Burgesses, county-based government

Anne Hutchinson

Challenged Puritan orthodoxy and advocated for religious freedom.

William Penn

Founded Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers.

Nathaniel Bacon

Led Bacon's Rebellion against Virginia's colonial government.

Robert LaSalle

French explorer who claimed the Louisiana Territory.

John Smith

Early leader of the Jamestown colony.

King Philip/Metacom

Led a Native American uprising against English colonists.

John Locke

Enlightenment philosopher who influenced American political thought.

Jonathan Edwards

Prominent preacher during the Great Awakening.

George Whitefield

Revivalist preacher during the Great Awakening.

Benjamin Franklin

Polymath, inventor, and founding father of the United States.

Salem Witch Trials

Mass hysteria leading to executions in Salem, Massachusetts (1692-1693).

The Pequot War

Conflict between the Pequot tribe and English colonists (1636-1638).

The Mayflower Compact

Early example of self-governance established in Plymouth (1620).

The Great Awakening

Religious revival movement in the 1730s-1740s.

Navigation Acts

English laws aimed at controlling colonial trade (1651-1696).

Pueblo Revolt

Native American uprising against Spanish rule in 1680.

King Philip's War

Major conflict between colonists and Native Americans (1675-1678).

Stono Rebellion

Slave uprising in South Carolina in 1739.

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of plants, animals, culture, and technology between the Old and New Worlds.

Mercantilism

Economic theory promoting colonization and regulation of trade.

Albany Plan

Early attempt at colonial unity proposed by Benjamin Franklin (1754).

Growth of Protestant Churches

Increased diversity of religious practices in the colonies.

Indian Relations

• Spanish: Encomienda system, forced labor

• French: Trade partnerships, intermarriage

• English: Initial trade, later conflict and displacement

Joint Stock Companies

Financed early colonial ventures, such as the Virginia Company.

Slavery and Race

Development of racial justifications for slavery in the colonies.

The Middle Passage

Brutal journey of enslaved Africans to the Americas.

Tobacco

Key cash crop that drove the southern economy.

Encomienda System

Spanish colonial labor system that exploited Native Americans.

Virginia Slave Codes

Laws that established the racial basis of slavery.

Jamestown

First permanent English settlement, established in 1607, focused on tobacco economy.

New Amsterdam

Dutch colony that was later conquered and renamed New York in 1664.

Boston

Center of Puritan culture and education in the New England colonies.

Philadelphia

Quaker-founded city that became a center of politics and trade.

Charleston

Major southern port and center of the slave trade.

Indentured Servants

Contracted laborers primarily used in the early colonial period.

Slavery

Became the dominant labor system in the southern colonies after the 1670s.

Free Labor

More common in northern colonies and urban areas.