Geography

Biophysical factors that influence global tourism

• climate conditions - seasons includes wind, humidity, solar radiation, windspeed. e.g harsh heat or cold rain climates mean less tourists choose that location.

• Environment conditions - uniques geological/ topographical features with exotic animals and plants attract more tourism and development

Economic factors that influence global tourism

• Consumer demand -Influenced by income levels, advertising, and global trends. As demand for certain destinations rises, prices and tourism services adjust to meet different market segments, from budget to luxury travel.

• global supply chains - Affects the cost and availability of goods and services used in tourism, such as fuel, food, and materials. Efficient supply chains support stable prices, while disruptions can change travel costs and accessibility.

• Mobility and Labour – better efficient transport systems improve tourism services and accessibility. more employment opportunities bring people in.

• Development Levels and capitol flows - Investment in tourism infrastructure (hotels, airports, attractions) enhances a country’s tourism capacity. Increased foreign and domestic investment can boost tourism growth and global competitiveness. brings in foreign currency

global sustainability

the effort to meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, achieved by harmonizing economic, social, and environmental well-being.

Pilar’s of global sustainability  

social - effect on people, communities livelihood and health 

Environmental -  effect on land e.g degradation, loss plant life extinction 

economical - effect on jobs and businesses

cultural - effect on groups traditions and processes. 

anthropocentric view

• seeing humans as the most important beings and viewing nature and the environment environment as only being useful for providing humans with resources, food, or economic benefits rather than having any intrinsic value of its own. . 

• e.g Cutting down a forest to make farmland might be seen as acceptable from an anthropocentric view because it benefits people, even if it harms wildlife or ecosystems. 

   

sustainable development. 

Sustainable development is a process of economic and social change designed to produce an environmentally sustainable  economy and a just society  

four pillars of sustainability

• ENVIRONMENTAL - preserving the environment and adopting a more rationalise of resources such as minerals, to maintain biodiversity and improve the quality of the land, air and waterways renewable energy, local suppliers, eco-friendly design and digital transformation as ways to achieve economic growth with minimal harm to the environment and society.  

• CULTURAL - focuses on protecting, developing and expressing values and cultural diversity to achieve a more satisfactory intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual existences

• ECONOMIC - The economic pillar of sustainability focuses on improving economic growth and standards of living through efficient resource use. However, the economic pillar of sustainability must consider the nature and rate of growth against potential harm caused to ecological systems and relationships among people. 

• SOCIAL: This pillar concerns quality of life, social justice, and equity for all people. It encompasses access to education, healthcare, and the promotion of human rights and community well-being. 

7 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

• No Poverty – End poverty in all its forms everywhere.

• Zero Hunger – End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture.

• Good Health and Well-being – Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.

• Quality Education – Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.

• Gender Equality – Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.

• Clean Water and Sanitation – Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.

• Affordable and Clean Energy – Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.

• Decent Work and Economic Growth – Promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all.

• Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure – Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation.

• Reduced Inequalities – Reduce inequality within and among countries.

• Sustainable Cities and Communities – Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable.

• Responsible Consumption and Production – Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.

• Climate Action – Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.

• Life Below Water – Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development.

• Life on Land – Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt biodiversity loss.

• Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions – Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all, and build effective, accountable institutions.

• Partnerships for the Goals – Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.

phosphorus

use - fertilization

risk -Water pollution: These blooms reduce oxygen levels in water (hypoxia), harming aquatic life.

• Biodiversity loss: Deoxygenated “dead zones” destroy aquatic ecosystems.

• Finite resource depletion: Phosphate rock is non-renewable, and high-grade reserves are being depleted.

consequences -

• Phosphate rock is non-renewable; scarcity raises fertiliser costs and threatens global food production.

• Runoff causes water pollution and algal blooms (eutrophication), harming aquatic life and ecosystems.

• Rising prices and polluted water lead to food insecurity and health risks, especially in poorer regions.

helium

uses- MRI machines), scientific research, electronics, and cooling systems

• nce released, helium escapes into space — it can’t be recovered, contributing to resource depletion.

• Scarcity increases costs for industries and research dependent on helium, affecting medical and technological sectors.

• Shortages can limit access to essential medical equipment and slow scientific innovation.