Final Exam

True or False: Explain

Nutritional value and taste are often the 2 most important reasons specific foods are consumed in North America.

False: Taste and texture are often the 2 most important reasons specific foods are consumed in North America.

True or False: Explain

Nutriton is the science that links foods to health and weight.

False: Nutrition is the science that links food to health and disease.

Explain the internal and external drives that influence our desire to eat. List the postive/or negative sensation associated with them.

Hunger is the internal drive, associated with negative sensations such as churning, growling, or stomach pain. Appetite is the external drive, associated with positive sensations for food. With appetite we eat even if we are not hungry.

A pharmaceutical company is interested in designing a drug to combat obesity. List 2 hormones involved in the regulation of hunger and satiety and state their function. Then explain why the pharmaceutical would target the to treat obesity.

Leptin alerts the brain to turn off the hunger center and activates the satiety center. By giving leptin to the patient, they will feel fuller and eat less. Ghrelin stimulates the hunger center as it deactivates the satiety center. They can block ghrelin and decreased the feeling of hunger.

True or False: Explain

Minerals promote growth and development, maintain tissues and cells, fuel the body for physical and metabolic work, and regulate body processes.

False: Nutrients promote growth and development, maintain tissues and cells, fuel the body for physical and metabolic work, and regulate body processes.

True or false: Explain

A fat is an organic micronutrient that functions to regulate body processes and provide structure.

A fat is an organic macronutrient that functions to regulate body processes and provide structure.

Which of the following is inorganic macronutrient?

Water

A. List the 3 types of fats. B. 2 of their functions. C. 2 common sources in diet.

A. Triglycerides, Cholesterol, phospholipids. B. energy source, structure, regulation. C. Fats, oils, meats.

Vitamins contain both

fat soluble and water soluble forms.

True or False: Explain

Macro-minerals are needed in smaller amounts compared to trace minerals.

False: Micro- minerals are needed in smaller amounts compared to trace minerals.

Tom is on a diet restricting his consumption of cholesterol. Which macromolecule would he be limiting?

Lipids

Which of the 6 nutrient classes are sources of energy.

protein, fats, carbs.

Write the definition of a kilocalorie

the amount of heat needed to raise the temp of one kilogram of water 1 degree celsius.

Write the definition of an empty calorie food? List 2 examples

Foods that contain no nutritional value. Examples: junk food, juice, fast food.

Explain the difference between under and mal nutrition

undernutrition is a state when nutrient intake does not meet the bodies needs. Malnutrition is the ill affects of an unbalanced diet and can come from under or over nutrition.

Which of the ABCDE’s of the nutritional assessment has ti do with physical examination

Clinical

True or false: Explain

The MyPlate message of balance has to do with the idea increasing the consumption for some groups and limiting the consumption of others.

The MyPlate message of moderation has to do with the idea increasing the consumption for some groups and limiting the consumption of others.

According to the MyPlate concept of start simple and make every bite count. Give 2 examples of foods to increase, and 2 examples of foods to decrease in your diet.

Increase: fruits and vegetables, whole grains, fat free foods. Decrease: High sodium foods, sugary drinks.

What is biochemical assessment

this is when nutrients are tested from your blood, urine, and feces.

You are grocery shopping and comparing salad dressings. One bottle of french dressing is advertised as fat free and another as reduced fat. Which type of claim would this advertising be?

Nutrient claim.

List 4 types of nutrients listed on a nutrition label.

fats, minerals, carbs, proteins, vitamins,

As a dietitian, a client comes to you after her annual physical. Her physician diagnosed her as being obese and informed her that she needs to change her diet habits before she develops heart disease or diabetes. (1) the dietary guidelines recommend making evert bite count, explain what this means. (2) discuss the types of beverages you recommend to avoid added sugars and saturated fats.

1. Focus on nutrient dense foods and beverages and limit sugar, saturated fats, and sodium.

   1. low fat milk, lactose free dairy, water

Which of the following is NOT a cognitive external force that influences our eating

religious beliefs.

Which type of diffusion can move substances easily in and out of the cells down concentration gradients through the cell membrane?

Passive diffusion.

Small intestine

site of digestion and absorption.

Large intestine

Reabsorbs water and some vitamins.

Salivary glands

releases saliva containing enzymes that chemically digest food

Liver

produces bile to breakdown fats

Gallbladder

stores bile produced by the liver to be released into the intestine to digest fats.

Pancreas

releases digestive enzymes to chemically breakdown food.

True or False: Explain

Gastrin is a vital glycoprotein produced in the stomach and is necessary for the B12 to be absorbed

Intrinsic factor is a vital glycoprotein produced in the stomach and is necessary for the B12 to be absorbed

Diverticulosis

small pouches that push out through weak spots in the colon that can become inflamed.

IBS

associated with bloating, abdominal pain, cramps, diarrhea, or constipation.

Peptic ulcers

Sores that develop along the GI tract.

2 risk factors of diverticulosis.

inactivity, constipation, excess body weight.

List a medical treatment and a lifestyle change for ulcers/peptic ulcers.

medical treatments: antibiotics, drugs that block acid production, and protect lining of the stomach. Lifestyle changes: decrease stress, stop smoking, avoid foods that trigger symptoms.

Which of the following is NOT true concerning blood sugar regulation

Glucagon helps to lower blood sugar levels.

The monomer (single unit that can be absorbed) proteins are digested into

Amino acids.

Fructose

Sweetest tasting sugar

Lactose

found in milk

Maltose

rarely found in food, used for alcohol.

Sucrose

found in table sugar, honey.

Below are 2 clients with digestive ailments. For each of them explain which fiber should be added to their diets and how it will improve their symptoms.

1. Client 1 suffers from constipation

2. Client 2 has high cholesterol

Client 1: insoluble fiber can improve constipation. They don’t dissolve in water and is not broken down by intestinal bacteria, so it increases stool mass and speed of passage through large intestine. Client 2: Soluble fiber slows glucose absorption and fat, its associated with lowering cholesterol. Soluble fiber dissolved in water creating an intestinal barriet to block absorption.

Which enzyme primarily digests lactose

Lactase

Gluconeogenesis

when the body converts protein derived from muscle into glucose for fuel.

Compare and contrast Type 1 and 2 Diabetes. Onset, symptoms, and treatment.

In both blood glucose levels are high.

Type 1: when the pancreas doesn’t make insulin. Treatment includes exogenous insulin. Onset is childhood and early adulthood.

Type 2: caused by insulin resistance or when the pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin. Treatment includes insulin, and oral anti diabetic drugs. It is linked to being over weight. Onset in adulthood.

What is the difference between essential and non essential amino acids.

There are 20 amino acids.

9 of them are essential, meaning that we have to consume them through our diet because our body’s cant synthesize them naturally.

11 of them are nonessential, meaning that our body’s naturally derive and manufacture them. They do not need to be consumed through our diet.

Protein equilibrium

protein is equivalent to the amount of protein lost.

Positive protein balance

when we take more protein than we lose. Example: pregnant mom, growing child.

Negative protein balance

protein loss is greater than intake. Occurs during illness, or intentional weight loss method.

What is the difference between complete Vs Incomplete proteins? List example for each.

Animal protein sources are considered complete proteins, meaning they contain all essential amino acids. Examples include any meat product, and eggs.

Plant protein sources are considered incomplete proteins, meaning they do not contain all required amino acids. Examples include plants.

True or false: Explain

The type of fatty acid is dependent on the bonds that link carbon units together.

True

Source of omega (1) fatty acids include: soybean, canola oil, walnuts, flaxseed, salmon, tuna. Sources of omega (2) are getable oils.

1. 3

2. 6

Describe atherosclerosis, the rile of certain fats in its development and how to lower risk for development of atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis is when plaques from in the arteries, preventing proper blood flow, and contributing to higher blood pressure. It increases risk for stroked and heart attacks. Its associated with high levels of LDL/ low levels of HDL. No smoking, exercise, weight managements, can lower risk.

List 3 symptoms of metabolic syndrome

excess abdominal fat, hyperglycemia, high triglycerides, low HDL, hypertension.

You are volunteering with a medical relief group in a developing nation. A young child presents with edema in the legs, and abdomen, a fatty liver, and his mother reports recent changes to his skin and hair. What type of malnutrition is he most likely suffering?

Kwashiorkor

Marasmus

skin and bones appearance, starves to death

True of False: Explain

Foods that are often high in starch are not good sources of fiber.

False: Foods that are often high in starch are good sources of fiber.

For (A) insulin and (B) glucagon, list the nutritional state of the body when the hormone is released, how each would influence the blood glucose levels, and by what mechanism.

A. Insulin- the body would be in a fed stat and insulin will work to increase cellular uptake of glucose to lover the blood glucose levels.

B. Glucagon- the body would be in a fasting state and glucagon will cause the breakdown of glycogen stores to increase blood glucose levels.

Jill says she considers herself a vegetarian, and you observe her eating a lunch with mashed potatoes, steamed broccoli, and salmon. What type of diet is this considered to be?

Pesco vegetarian.

Which macromolecule type plays a role in giving structure, providing movement, and is a form of hormones and enzymes?

Proteins.

Describe the difference between positive and negative energy balance.

Positive energy balance is when the calorie intake is more than the energy expended, which usually results in weight gain.

Negative energy balance is when calorie intake is less than the energy expended, which usually results in weight loss.

Basal Metabolic rate

Number of calories used by the body while in a fasting state.

Thermic food effect

energy used for the digestion and absorption of what we ingest.

Physical activity

accounts for 12-40% of energy expended.

What is the formula to calculate Body Mass Index

BMI= weight (kg)/ height ^ 2 (meters)

which of the following would not be advised to use the general BMI

children, pregnant woman, short statue people, muscular individuals, elderly.

Which method below is used to determine a persons body fat by measuring the fat layer just the skin at several locations using caliper

Anthropoemetrics.

Other than the percentage of body fat and location of fat, name 2 other important indicators for obesity.

Weight, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio.

True or false: Explain

Nurture is the influence of genetic factors that play a role in body composition.

False: Nature is the influence of genetic factors that play a role in body composition.

(1) states that each of us has a genetically predetermined body weight and that the body will resist change beyond this set point. The hormone (2) is involved.

1. Set point theory

   1. Leptin

True or false: explain

The daily standards of calorie control for females is no less than 1300 and 1600 for males.

False: The daily standards of calorie control for females is no less than 1200 and 1500 for males

Joyce was comparing two nutrition labels for snacks at the grocery store. Snack #1 had 158 calories per serving and 5 g of fat. Snack #2 had 175 calories and 2 grams of fat. Which snack is the better choice?

Snack #1 because it has the least amount of calories. It doesn’t matter where the calories come from fats, carbs, or proteins. The snack with the least amount of calories is always the best choice.

Along with keeping a food journal and measuring portion sizes, what are 2 recommended behaviors for controlling calories.

nutrition labeling, limiting high fat foods, limiting empty calories.

Why can foods advertised as low fat and fat free really not be advantageous for weight loss.

The calorie difference for fat free and regular are signifiacant. However salts and sugars are often added to fat free products to make them taste better. Additionally the knowledge of knowing that the fat free has less calories can cause people to eat double the portions. So they would have been better off eating the regular food.

Mick has decided to eat more fruits and vegetables to improve his overall health and lose weight. He has purchased a high speed blender and is making fruit and vegetables smoothies. However he is not seeing a difference on the scale. Why might he not be losing weight?

Drinks can have high calories but they don’t provide a feeling a satiety, so he will also eat another meal on top of the smoothie. Which will cause him to surpass his recommended calorie intake.

True or false: Explain

Science now shows that increments of activity that add up to 60 minutes can be just as beneficial

True

current recommendations state adults should have _ minutes of activity per day

30+

Along with stretching, list 2 other categories of physical exercise shown to be beneficial to overall health.

Cardio, resistance training.

What are the 3 keys to weight loss and maintenance.

controlling calories, physical activity, and behavior modifications

Jill is trying to reduce her calories and increase her activity levels to lose weight. Her favorite got to snack for when she is bored, stressed, or watching tv are salt and vinegar chips. She always keeps a bag or 2 in her pantry. On a recent grocery store trip, jill decided to no purchase any chips so that her house would be void of them for the next week, What kind of behavior modification is jill demonstrating,

Stimulus control

Which of the following would be an example of a professional support that is part of a social support

Exercise physiologist working with a cardiac rehab class.

True of false

An individual with a BMI of >26 is eligible for drastic weight loss measures like taking medications or surgery.

False: An individual with a BMI of >40 or >35 with comorbid health risks is eligible for drastic weight loss measures like taking medications or surgery.

For individuals with a BMI >40, drastic wright loss measure can be taken, including surgery. Explain how bariatric surgery works to help somoene lose weight and name a specific example.

Bariatric surgery is for people with a BMI of 40 or greater to help promote weight loss. Gastric ballon is placed in the stomach through the esophagus and then is inflated to minimize stomach capacity. This help patient eat less. This is not permanent and must be removed at about 6 months.

True or false

For underweight individual, physical activity is focused on building muscle mass.

True

Part 1 : Is the paleo fish diet a dat diet? List 3 pieces of evidence.

Part 2: Based on description of the diet, what type of diet category does it fit?

Part 1: yes its. afad diet, celebrity endorsement, expensive to maintain, and advertisement of quick wight loss are all pieces of evidence.

Part 2: Low carb diet because of the grain description.

True or false: Explain

Vitamins help to regulate and support a variety of process. These include digestive processes, absorption, and metabolism.

True

True or false: Explain

The majority of the essential vitamins are not synthesized by the body and must be consumed in the diet.

True

You purchase a container of apple juice marketed for children. The label states that the juice contain vitamin D and E. This is an example of a product that has been?

Fortified- vitamins added to a product that are not normally in the food product.

Fat soluble vitamins

Vitamins A D E K.

Carotenoids and retinal are two forms of

vitamin A

A friend recently had her annual physical and her doctor informed her that her vitamin A levels were too low. As a nurse she comes up to you for advice on what foods to consume to increase her levels. Provide 4 examples.

Fish, fish oils, liver, fortified milk, yogurt

Vitamin D

Rickets

Vitamin A

Yellowing of hands

Vitamin K

limit when prescribed coumadin

Vitamin E

deficiency can cause hemolysis, and breakdown of RBC’s

True or false: explain

The B complex vitamins and vitamin C are examples of fat soluble vitamins.

False: The B complex vitamins and vitamin C are examples of water soluble vitamins.

Bioavailability

The amount of a substance that is absorbed into the bloodstream and is available to the body to use.

Pyridoxine

Microcytic Hypochromic

Vitamin B-12

megaloblastic anemia