Biol 1030 Exam 3

Hox genes are genes involved in animal development that control where body segments will be located.

True

_________ means "mouth first" and __________ means "mouth second" with regard to embryonic development.

Protostome, Deuterostome

Which phylum is the sister group to all other animals? In other words, which group is the most different from other animal phyla?

Porifera

Which life cycle is represented by animal reproduction?

gametic meiosis

What are the 3 major clades of bilateral animals?

Ecdysozoa, Deuterostomia, Lophotrochozoa

A/an ____________ is a sexually immature form of an animal that is morphologically distinct from the adult stage. An example would be the pluteus stage of the purple sea urchin.

larva

Phylum Mollusca is the first most diverse phylum of animals on the planet.

False

The image above is a/an _____. As evidenced by this image, you can tell that phylum _________ is the sister group to all other animals. As evidenced by this image, you can tell that the majority of animals are invertebrates

phylogenetic tree, Porifera, invertebrates

Squids and octopuses fall within clade ____________

Cephalopoda

The common name for Ectoprocts is the ________________, because they resemble moss in their appearance

bryozoans

The organism above is commonly referred to as a ___________ that falls within clade Polyplacophora.

chiton

The "lamp shells" fall within phylum ______________

Brachiopoda

________ are hypothesized to be the first organisms to colonize land about _________ million years ago.

Arthropods, 450

If a phylum is described as 'ubiquitous,' this means that they can...

be found everywhere

There are 8 phyla within the Ecdysozoans. What are the two largest phyla that we covered in class? Select two answers

nematodes, arthropods

Butterflies/caterpillars exhibit incomplete metamorphosis

False

Clade _______________ includes crustaceans (like crabs and lobsters) and insects (that form their own clade called Hexapoda).

Pancrustacea

Select the statements that are true about arthropod exoskeletons. You may need to select more than one answer

made of a cuticle from proteins and chitin, energetically expensive

Many echinoderms are capable of regenerating their limbs (if they were to be cut off for some reason...)

True

Clade ______ includes organisms that are attached to substrates via a stalk, and clade ________ includes echinoderms with a reduced exoskeleton.

Crinoidea, Holothuroidea

Echinoderms are... select all that apply

invertebrates, deuterostomes

Echinoderms are able to attach to surfaces by releasing adhesive chemicals by their tube feet (if they have any)

True

The structures you see (pictured above) within the arm of a sea star (and many other echinoderms) are called

tube feet

The "mouth" of a sea urchin is highly adapted for eating seaweed. What is this structure called?

Aristotle's Lantern

The common name for the organisms listed under phylum Cephalochordata is the ________________

lancelets

Match the anatomical term with its "directional" description.

dorsal

ventral

anterior

posterior

Top, Bottom, Front, Back

"All chordates are vertebrates." What two phyla disprove this statement? Select TWO answers.

Cephalochordata, Urochordata

Some pharyngeal slits have been modified into gills for gas exchange

True

Match the phylum with its correct term/definition/description.

phylum Myxini = ___________

phylum Petromyzontida = __________

jawless vertebrates that can produce liters of slime to deter predators, jawless vertebrates that can be parasitic

Which of the following is the main derived character of vertebrates?

neural crest

All chordates are vertebrates

False

The organism above is seen in Nintendo's popular video game, "Animal Crossing: New Horizons." It is the ______________, and it is commonly known as the "living fossil" as it was thought to have gone extinct 75 million years ago

coelacanth

Match the class with its correct organism group or definition/description.

class Actinopterygii = _________

class Sarcopterygii = __________

class Chondrichthyes = ___________

ray-finned dishes, includes the coelacanths, lungfishes and some tetrapod’s, some organisms of this group have claspers

Class _____________ includes the cartilaginous fishes, such as sharks, rays, and their relatives

Chondrichthyes

This is a shark flipped onto its ventral side (upside down). The structure above the star (not the red circle) is the _________

cloaca

Which of the following does NOT belong?

hagfishes

This is a shark flipped onto its ventral side (upside down). The circled structure are the claspers , and from this information, you can assume that the sex of this shark is male .

claspers, male

Match the term with its correct definition/example. Not all options will be used.

monotremes = ___________

marsupials = __________

eutherians = __________

an egg-laying mammal, Kangaroos koalas opossums, have significantly longer pregnancy’s than marsupials

If a monkey's tail is described as prehensile, what does this imply?

its tail is adapted to grasp things

Amateur people call some reptiles "cold-blooded." You, being an organismal biologist, correct them and tell them they should use the term __________

ectothermic

All primates have a thumb that is completely separate from the other fingers. But, what organisms have fully opposable thumbs? You may need to select more than one answer

apes, monkeys, humans

The earliest known primates were _____________, meaning that they dwelled in trees

arboreal

You go to the zoo and see what you think is a monkey. It has hair on its face. Are you correct in thinking it's a monkey?

Yes because monkeys generally have hair on their faces.

Mammals are... 

Select all that apply

endothermic, have mammary glands, hair-producing organisms, capable of laying eggs (only some, though), have kidneys

This image (above) is an accurate depiction of human evolution.

False

Early hominids had... (select all that apply):

large teeth and jaws, signs of bipedalism, small body size, small brains

All living humans have ancestors that originated as H. sapiens in...

Ethiopia

Homo sapiens is the only surviving species of the hominins.

True

Humans evolved from chimpanzees

False

_______________ is the study of human origin

Paleoanthropology

Animal cells have cell walls.

False

All animals within clade Ecdysozoa...

Select all that apply!

molt out of their exoskeleton, undergo ecdysis, secrete exoskeletons

Most animal phyla belong to clade Bilateria

True

List the steps of animal reproduction and development in order with the number "1" being the first step, and "3" being the last step.

A blastula forms.

A zygote forms after fertilization/syngamy, and it undergoes cleavage.

Gastrulation forms embryonic tissue layers, forming a gastrula.

2, 1, 3

The image above is of a tapeworm (gross). Structure A is a single _______________, and structure B is a/an _______________.

proglottid; scolex

Leeches and earthworms fall within clade _____________.

Sedentaria

All animals, including Phylum Porifera, are eumetazoans.

False

Which of the following groups cannot be found within Phylum Mollusca?

Porifera

Horseshoe crab blood can be used in the medical field.

True

Spongebob (Phylum Porifera) and Mr. Krabs (Phylum Arthropoda) (pictured above) are BOTH...

invertebrates

Chelicerates have a pair of appendages called ______________ that have multiple functions, including feeding, defense, reproduction, and sensing of the environment.

pedipalps

The ecdysozoans... Select all that apply!

undergo ecdysis/molting, include nematodes and arthropods, have a cuticle

There are far more insect species on Earth than there are vertebrate species.

True

Echinoderms are ___________, meaning that the anus formed from the blastopore during development.

deuterostomes

The notochord is derived from _____________ cells.

mesodermal

Check out the phylogenetic tree above. Select the answer choices that are correct based on the phylogenetic tree. You may need to select more than one answer!

amniotes include only reptiles and mammals, coelacanths are lobe-finned fishes, the hagfishes and lampreys are a sister group to all other vertebrates

Based on what you know about eutherian mammals, you can predict that...

Select all that apply.

they have high metabolic rates, they have longer pregnancies, they have a placenta, there are high levels of parental care, there is some sort of birthing process involved