STS REVIEWER MIDTERM (copy)

SCIENCE

\- Comes from the Latin word "Scientia" which means knowledge

Social Science and Natural Science

2 Branches of Science

Natural Science

\- Seeks to understand the world

Social Science

\- Study of people, culture, and society

TECHNOLOGY

Application of scientific knowledge, laws, and principles, to produce services, materials, tools, and machines aimed at solving real-world problems

SOCIETY

A group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction,

Through science, we develop new technologies.

HOW IS SCIENCE USED IN TECHNOLOGY?

Ancient Times

1\. Sumerian Civilization

2\. Babylonian Civilization

3\. Egyptian Civilization

Sumerian Civilization (4100-1750)

\- Cooperative, developed many things connected with Science and Technology engaged in technological innovation

\- Developed mathematics, astronomy, and astrology

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Uruk City

the first true city in the world

Babylonian Civilization (2300 BCE)

\- Great builders, engineers, and architects

\- Astronomy and astrology

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Hanging Garden of Babylon

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great wonder of the world

Egyptian Civilization

built grand monuments and temples and made advances in engineering, architecture, agriculture, medicine, astronomy, and even in art and literature.

\- Contributions: Papyrus, Ink, Hieroglyphics, Water clock, wig, cosmetics

Paleolithic Mesolithic Neolithic

3 Period in Stone Age

Stone Age

\- Used primitive stone tools

\- They were hunter-gatherers

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Middle Paleolithic Period Upper Paleolithic Period

 Two Types of Paleolithic Period

Paleolithic

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\- from an ape-like creature to a true Homo sapiens.

\- Either nomadic or semi-nomadic

\- Hunters and gatherers.

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Mesolithic

\- Made use of stone tools known as microliths

\- began to learn to fish along rivers and lake shores, make pottery and use a bow.

\- Cultural and technological development was based primarily on agriculture

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Neolithic

\- New Stone Age

\- Stone tools formed by polishing or grinding

\- From hunters to settlers

\- The transition from nomadic hunter-gatherers to agrarian communities.

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 Bronze Age (3,300 - 1200 BCE)

\- Is distinguished by the use of copper and its alloy bronze as the primary hard materials.

\- Smelting is a process of extracting metal from or involving heating and melting.

\- Copper and tin

Iron Age (1500 BC - 450 BC)

\- People across most of Europe, Asia, and portions of Africa began to use iron and steel to make tools and weapons.

Middle Age

\- Began in 450 A.D.

\- The transitional period between the Age of Classical Antiquity and the Modern Era(1450 – 1789)

\- Technologies: new horse harness, windmill, clock and watch, mariners’ magnetic compass, sternpost rudder, lenses and spectacle, gunpowder and cannon, printing, distillation and alcohol

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Pre-Columbian America

\- Christopher Columbus

\- Characterized by three groups: Mayan, Aztec, and Incas

Scientific Revolution

\- period of great scientific intellectual achievements that contributed to essential changes in scientific

Universe Model by Nicolaus Copernicus

sun as the center of universe and planets revolve around it in circles

Law of Planetary Motion by Johannes Kepler

\- planets revolve around the sun in elliptical, not circular, orbits; and that closer planets to the sun move faster than the others.

Work of Motion by Galileo Galilei

distance, velocity, acceleration, and the law of inertia

Law of Universal Gravitation by Isaac Newton

a particle in the universe attracts every other universal particle using a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely to the square of the distance between their centers

 



Enlightenment Period

\- period of intellectual development

\- primarily in France, Britain, and Germany

\- Increasing scientific knowledge led to the development of various technologies that reduced hours of manual labor to just a few minutes of effort. The transition resulted in the creation of many inventions, which defined the period in history.

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Industrial Revolutions

\- 1750-1895 AD

\- period of complex technological inventions that eventually replaced human and animal forces.

\- shifted the agrarian and handicraft economy to industry and machine manufacturing.

Digital Age

This era can be described as the emergence of the internet and the worldwide web.

Digital Age

1\. Computer

2\. Internet

3\. World Wide Web

4\. Electronic mail

5\. Facebook

6\. Twitter

7\. Youtube

8\. Google

8\. Google

Computer

\- Was discovered by Charles Babbage.

\- Is designed simply for computations/mathematical calculations and simple decision-making capabilities

Internet

\- Created by Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn

\- The discovery of Fiber Optic allowed the billion of buts of information to be received every minute.

World Wide Web

\- Discovered by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in 1990’s.

\- discovered for commercial purposes

Electronic mail

\- Discovery of E-mail was controversially claimed by V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai, an Indian-born American scientist and entrepreneur

Facebook

\- Launched in February 04,2004 by Mark Zuckerberg

\- membership was first limited to Harvard students

Twitter

\- created by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone and Evan Williams.

\- networking website where people post and interact with messages or “tweets’

Youtube

\- It is the largest on-line destination and the third most visited website.

Created by Chad Hurley and Steve Chen in 2005 during Valentine’s day.

Google

\- Larry Page and Sergey Brin, both PhD students at Stanford University developed ______ as a research project in1996.

\- most used search engine in the worldwide web.

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Instagram

\- It was created by Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger in October 2010.

\- A fun photography application that is gaining fame all over the globe

MODE OF DRESSING

\- Male: Kanggan & Bahag. Red is for chief. Black & blue is for commoners

\- Bagobo man & woman wear a turban (headpiece) which is called putong

\- Female: baro/camisa, saya/patadyong

\- Some women wore tapis (red or white cloth on top of their skirt)

ORNAMENTS

\- They wear it to look attractive

\- Kalumbiga, pendants, bracelets, and leglets these ornaments were made of gold

\- Gold filling between the teeth

\- Tattoos represent that they've been in a war

HOUSES

\- Suits for the tropical climate

\- Kalingas, Mandayas, and Bagobos built their houses on treetops

\- Badjaos, built their houses on boats.

SOCIAL CLASSES

There are three classes, Nobles, Maharlika, Alipin.

Acquired their status by inheritance, captivity, purchase, failure to settle debts,   or by committing a crime.

Nobles

Datu and their families. Often address as Gat or Lakan

Mahadlika/Maharlika

freemen

Alipin

dependents

1\. Tumataban 2. Tumarampok 3. Ayuey

 Three Kinds of Dependents(Visayan)

STATUS OF WOMEN

\- Women are respected

\- They have the right to inherit property, engage in trade and industry, and succeed in the chieftainship of the barangay in the absence of a male heir

MARRIAGE CUSTOMS

\- Men were in general, monogamous

\- Paninilbihan is what a man should do to win the lady's hand

\- Wives: Asawa, Concubines: Friends

\- Bribes for relatives are called Sambon

- Pamamalae/Pamamanhikan/ Pamumulungan, is the man's parents meeting the bride-to-be's parents to make final arrangements

\- Priestess or Babaylan officiates the wedding

\- Thrown uncooked rice to the couple after the wedding

Muslim Marriage Customs

1\. Pananalanguni or Bethrothal



2\. Followed by the consultation with the girl’s parents



3\. Relays their decision to the village chief



4\. Informed the suitor’s parents of the decision

Kawasateg, Siwaka, Enduatuan, Pangatulian, Tatas, langkad, Lekat

7 Kinds of dowry

Kawasateg

money was given to the bride’s close relatives

Siwaka

brassware was given to those who helped arrange the wedding

Enduatuan

\- brassware or animals for the village chief

Pangatulian

jewelry was given to the bride’s mother and aunts

Tatas

blade was given to the girl’s uncle

langkad

money given to the girl’s parents as a fine for having bypassed the girl’s elder sister if she had any

Lekat

the amount of money given to the girl’s attendant

Pegkawing

\- Wedding ceremony

- Was Officiated by the Hadji

\- Six days of festivities followed, and only on the seventh day could the couple sleep together Muslim wedding

GOVERNMENT

\- Barangay (came from the Malay word balangay) is the unit of government consisting of 30 to 100 families

LAWS

those found guilty of crimes were punished either by fine or by death; some punishments can be considered torture by modern standards.

LEGISLATION

\- Before laws are made, the chief consults with a council of elders who approved of his plan.

JUDICIAL PROCESS

\- Was settled by a court made up of the The village chief and the council of elders; between barangays, a board made up of elders from neutral barangays acted as arbiters.

\- Trial by Ordeal (have to go through ordeals to prove his innocence)

RELIGIOUS BELIEFS

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1\. Bathalang Maykapal (Creator)

2\. Idinayale (god of agriculture)

3\. Sidapa (god of death)

4\. Balangaw (rainbow god)

5\. Mandarangan (war god)

6\. Agni (fire god)

7\. Lalahon (goddess of harvest) 8. Siginarugan (god of hell)

9\. Diyan Masalanta (goddess of love)

BURIAL

\- Was Placed in a wooden coffin and buried under the house complete with cloth, gold, and other valuable things.

Upon the death of the person, fires were made under the house and armed men acted as sentinels to guard the corpse against sorcerers.

\- Professional mourners were hired to accentuate the depth of mourning.

\- The ancients distinguished mourning for a woman from that of a man – morotal (for women) and maglahi (for men).

DIVINATION/MAGIC CHARMS

Ancient Filipinos are quite superstitious and put much stock into auguries, and magic charms.

CULTURE

\- Philippine pre-colonial culture wasbasically Malayan in structure and form.

\- Had music and dances for almost all occasions and a wide variety of musical instruments that shows their ingenuity.

SYSTEM WRITING

\- Sanskrit or Arabic provenance.

\- consisted of seventeen(17) symbols, of which three(3) were vowels and fourteen(14) consonants.

\- Fr. Pedro Chirino’s theory is that the ancients wrote from top to bottom and from left to right.

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COLONIAL PERIOD

Spanish Colonization (1521-1898)



Reasons for their Colonization:



            1. God - convert natives to Christianity



            2. Gold - accumulation of gold and wealth



            3. Glory - the supremacy of Spain over Portugal 

Ferdinand Magellan

\- Portuguese-born Spanish explorer who led the Spanish expedition around the world.



            - Landed on the Island of Homonhon and claimed it as property of the Spaniards and named it Islas de San Lazaro

            - Has a good relationship with the community and Rajah Humabon. Some of them have converted to Roman Catholicism

Lapu-Lapu

\- Ruler of Mactan

            - Resisted the Spanish Colonization

            - On the morning of April 27, 1521(Battle of Mactan), Lapu-Lapu led 3,000 warriors in a battle against Portuguese explorer and conquistador Ferdinand Magellan who led a force of forty- nine Spanish soldiers and 6000 native warriors from Cebu.

            - Magellan and several of his men were killed

Spanish Contribution

1\. King Philip of Spain

2\. Encomienda

3\. Treaty of Paris

4\. Suez Canal

5\. Politics

6\. Education

7\. Medicine

8\. Agriculture

9\. Economy

King Philip of Spain

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\- The Visita The Council of the Indies in Spain sent a government official called the Vistador General to observe conditions in the colony. Then the Vistador General will report his findings to the King

Encomienda

\- Was Introduced in the Philippines by Legaspi, in compliance with King Philip's decree that will distribute lands to loyal Spanish subjects 



            - It's not actually a land grant but a favor from the King in which the loyal Spaniard(the way they're called is encomendero) has the right to collect tributes or taxes from the inhabitants of the place he was assigned to. 



            -  The _____________ was, therefore, a public office.

Treaty of Paris

\- A treaty signed by Spain and the United States on December 10, 1898, that ended the Spanish-American War

Suez Canal

\- Opened in 1869



            - It paved the way for foreign traders to do business with other countries



            - Philippines was one of those who benefited from its operation, not only in terms of business (economy) but also in way of life. Contact with Westerners bought in new ideas, knowledge/education, etc.

Politics

\- Reduccion System, a strategy for grouping scattered barangays into compact towns

\- Datus and their hereditary successors served as heads of Cabezas de barangays, the lowest level of local government.

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Education

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\- Technological development and scientific research were promoted.

\- Different religious orders established schools offering higher education, the majority of which were in Manila, but mostly accessible to the elite of the society

Medicine

\- Several Spanish missionaries wrote about Philippine plants, specifically those that have medicinal values. One of the notable writings was the Manual de Medicinas Caseras by Father Fernando de Sta. Maria in 1763.

Agriculture

\- Philippine exportation of agricultural products started to increase when Manila was opened in 1789 to Asian shipping. This was followed by the opening of Philippine ports

Economy

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\- Goods were brought to Manila by ships from Japan.

\- Domestic economy was deleteriously affected by the Galleon trade which caused negligence of local agriculture, mining, and handicraft industries.

American Period (1901-1935

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\- The Department of Public Instruction was established in the country to produce schools offering free primary education with English as the medium of instruction.

\- A Philippine Normal School was put up to serve as a training ground for Filipino teachers.

BUREAU OF HEALTH, BUREAU OF MINES, BUREAU OF REFORESTRY, BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE, WEATHER BUREAU, BUREAU OF COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY, BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY, BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY

Organized Offices that contributed to the Development:

Intellectual Revolution

\- Greek speculation about nature

\- Also known as Pre-Socratic or Non-theological or First Philosophy

1\. The world is a natural whole



            2. There is a natural order



            3. Humans can discover those laws

3 Characteristics of this Philosophy:

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

\- Astronomer and mathematician

\- Adopted the heliocentric model suggesting the idea that the sun is the center of the solar system - Published an essay "On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres" 

Thales

the basic substance of the world is water

Aristotle

believes that the Earth is the true center of all orbitals carrying the heavenly bodies and all motions are uniform and unchanging

Therefore, there is a paradigm shift in how we view the solar system

Charles Darwin

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\- Proposed natural selection, organism survives due to random genetic mutations leading to the preservation of their descendants (survival of the fittest, the better-adapted species is, the more fitted it is to reproduce)

Sigmund Freud

\- Father of Psychoanalysis

\- Believed that when people explain their behavior, they rarely give a true account of their motivation, not because they are deliberately lying, but because they are more adaptable to self-deception

ID

satisfy needs and desires

SUPEREGO

suppress the urges of the ID

EGO

satisfy the ID desire in a manner that is realistically and socially appropriate

Information Revolution

\- Gutenberg's printing press in 1455



            - Analytic engine by Augusta and Babbage in 1830



            - First telephone in 1870 by Alexander Graham Bell



            - Turing's work during World War II

Allan Turing (1912-1954)

\- Provided a fundamental contribution to computer sciences by refining the concepts and algorithms and computation

Mesoamerican Civilization

\- Central Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Northern Costa Rica

\- Where pre-colonial society flourish

\- Regions and cultural areas in America extending to the countries of South America

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beans, corn, and squash

Three sisters

Asian Civilization

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\- Arose in the Indus Valley around 4,000 years ago

\- Used weapons that are made up of bronze & copper

\- Shops are established in the major city called Mohenjo-Daro