Psych Final

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56 Terms

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Drive-reduction Theory

A theory suggesting that physiological needs create drives that push us to reduce those needs, while also being pulled by incentives.

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Arousal Theory

The theory that suggests we seek an optimal level of arousal, which can be influenced by factors like sensation seeking and curiosity.

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Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow's theory that arranged human needs in a hierarchy, starting from physiological needs to self-transcendence.

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Physiology of Hunger

The role of the hypothalamus in regulating hunger and physiological needs.

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Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging, often maintaining a normal weight.

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Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder marked by self-starvation and a distorted perception of body weight.

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Three Components of Emotion

Physiological changes, behavioral expressions, and cognitive experiences that define our emotions.

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Cannon-Bard Theory

The theory that suggests arousal and emotion occur simultaneously.

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James-Lange Theory

The theory proposing that physiological arousal precedes emotional experience.

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Schacter-Singer Two Factor Theory

A theory suggesting that emotion is determined by physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal.

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Id

The part of personality that contains our basic instincts and operates on the pleasure principle.

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Ego

The rational part of personality that mediates between the Id and Superego based on reality.

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Superego

The moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong.

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Ego Defenses

Mechanisms that reduce anxiety by distorting reality.

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Sublimation

A defense mechanism that channels negative urges into socially acceptable activities.

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Denial

A defense mechanism involving refusal to accept reality or facts.

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Rationalization

A defense mechanism where one makes excuses for unacceptable behavior.

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Displacement

A defense mechanism taking out emotions on a safer, substitute target.

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Projection

A defense mechanism where one attributes their own undesirable feelings to others.

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Freud's Oral Stage

The first psychosexual stage, occurring from birth to 18 months, focused on weaning.

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Freud's Anal Stage

The second psychosexual stage, occurring from 18 months to 3 years, focused on potty training.

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Freud's Phallic Stage

The third psychosexual stage, occurring from ages 3 to 5, characterized by identification and the Oedipus complex.

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Latency Stage

The fourth psychosexual stage where libido is dormant.

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Genital Stage

The final psychosexual stage initiating adult sexuality.

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Reaction Formation

Acting opposite to how you feel

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Regression

Going back to an earlier stage/acting immaturely

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Anxiety Disorders

Long term anxiety, with no specific cause; think of “worry-warts”

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Panic Attack

Can be specific, often generalized

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Social Anxiety Disorder

Becoming extremely anxious in social situations where others might judge them; Avoidance is the coping strategy (maladaptive)

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Depressive Disorder

Anhedonia (without pleasure); runs in families

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Personality Disorders

Inflexible behaviors, difficult to treat

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Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Sense of entitlement; Grandiose sense of self-importance

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Histrionic Personality Disorder

Needs to be center of attention; may do so through physical appearance, exaggerated expressions, and speech

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Borderline Personality Disorder

Unstable relationships + self-image, Major abandonment fears, and Impulsive behaviors; most likely to do self-harm

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Paranoid Personality Disorder

Suspicious without sufficient basis; Reads hidden messages or threats into benign messages

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Antisocial Personality Disorder

Will Lie, cheat, steal with no remorse; Charming, manipulative

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Schizophrenia

Strong hallucinations/delusions; Positive symptoms include hallucinations, delusions/Negative symptoms include flat affect, avolition, anhedonia

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Antidepressant Drugs

MAO inhibitors, Tricyclics, SSRIs, Lithium (mood stabilizer - Bipolar)

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Freudian Psychoanalysis

the problem behavior is a “symptom” of inner conflict in our unconscious

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Free Association

to talk about whatever you want/think

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Transference

transfer onto the therapist what feelings they have towards their parents

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Humanistic Techniques

Client-centered, emphasizes personal growth and self-actualization.

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Reflective Listening

therapeutic reflection of client’s behaviors; promotes growth by taking responsibility for one’s actions, not uncovering hidden causes

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Behavioral Techniques

The problem behavior IS the problem

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Systematic Desensitization

Good with phobias; a gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with relaxation techniques.

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Foot-in-the-Door

Persuasion Technique: Small request first, Large request second

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Door-in-the-face

Persuasion Technique: Large request first, small request second

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Asch Conformity Study

Proves that conformity can overthrow our own senses

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Stanley Milgram’s Obedience Study

Proved that obedience to authority can overthrow our senses and morality

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Eichmann Defense

“I was just following orders”

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Attribution

How do we explain behavior? We ask the question ‘Why?’

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Internal (dispositional) cause

A reason for behavior that originates from within an individual, such as personality, beliefs, or motives.

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External (situational) causes

Reasons for behavior arising from external factors, such as the environment or social context.

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Attitudes

 Feelings, beliefs, behavioral intentions

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Cognitive Dissonance

When attitudes aren’t in line with each other

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Matching Hypothesis

We like those who are attractive...but also likeable people become attractive