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Drive-reduction Theory
A theory suggesting that physiological needs create drives that push us to reduce those needs, while also being pulled by incentives.
Arousal Theory
The theory that suggests we seek an optimal level of arousal, which can be influenced by factors like sensation seeking and curiosity.
Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow's theory that arranged human needs in a hierarchy, starting from physiological needs to self-transcendence.
Physiology of Hunger
The role of the hypothalamus in regulating hunger and physiological needs.
Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging, often maintaining a normal weight.
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder marked by self-starvation and a distorted perception of body weight.
Three Components of Emotion
Physiological changes, behavioral expressions, and cognitive experiences that define our emotions.
Cannon-Bard Theory
The theory that suggests arousal and emotion occur simultaneously.
James-Lange Theory
The theory proposing that physiological arousal precedes emotional experience.
Schacter-Singer Two Factor Theory
A theory suggesting that emotion is determined by physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal.
Id
The part of personality that contains our basic instincts and operates on the pleasure principle.
Ego
The rational part of personality that mediates between the Id and Superego based on reality.
Superego
The moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong.
Ego Defenses
Mechanisms that reduce anxiety by distorting reality.
Sublimation
A defense mechanism that channels negative urges into socially acceptable activities.
Denial
A defense mechanism involving refusal to accept reality or facts.
Rationalization
A defense mechanism where one makes excuses for unacceptable behavior.
Displacement
A defense mechanism taking out emotions on a safer, substitute target.
Projection
A defense mechanism where one attributes their own undesirable feelings to others.
Freud's Oral Stage
The first psychosexual stage, occurring from birth to 18 months, focused on weaning.
Freud's Anal Stage
The second psychosexual stage, occurring from 18 months to 3 years, focused on potty training.
Freud's Phallic Stage
The third psychosexual stage, occurring from ages 3 to 5, characterized by identification and the Oedipus complex.
Latency Stage
The fourth psychosexual stage where libido is dormant.
Genital Stage
The final psychosexual stage initiating adult sexuality.
Reaction Formation
Acting opposite to how you feel
Regression
Going back to an earlier stage/acting immaturely
Anxiety Disorders
Long term anxiety, with no specific cause; think of “worry-warts”
Panic Attack
Can be specific, often generalized
Social Anxiety Disorder
Becoming extremely anxious in social situations where others might judge them; Avoidance is the coping strategy (maladaptive)
Depressive Disorder
Anhedonia (without pleasure); runs in families
Personality Disorders
Inflexible behaviors, difficult to treat
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Sense of entitlement; Grandiose sense of self-importance
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Needs to be center of attention; may do so through physical appearance, exaggerated expressions, and speech
Borderline Personality Disorder
Unstable relationships + self-image, Major abandonment fears, and Impulsive behaviors; most likely to do self-harm
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Suspicious without sufficient basis; Reads hidden messages or threats into benign messages
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Will Lie, cheat, steal with no remorse; Charming, manipulative
Schizophrenia
Strong hallucinations/delusions; Positive symptoms include hallucinations, delusions/Negative symptoms include flat affect, avolition, anhedonia
Antidepressant Drugs
MAO inhibitors, Tricyclics, SSRIs, Lithium (mood stabilizer - Bipolar)
Freudian Psychoanalysis
the problem behavior is a “symptom” of inner conflict in our unconscious
Free Association
to talk about whatever you want/think
Transference
transfer onto the therapist what feelings they have towards their parents
Humanistic Techniques
Client-centered, emphasizes personal growth and self-actualization.
Reflective Listening
therapeutic reflection of client’s behaviors; promotes growth by taking responsibility for one’s actions, not uncovering hidden causes
Behavioral Techniques
The problem behavior IS the problem
Systematic Desensitization
Good with phobias; a gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with relaxation techniques.
Foot-in-the-Door
Persuasion Technique: Small request first, Large request second
Door-in-the-face
Persuasion Technique: Large request first, small request second
Asch Conformity Study
Proves that conformity can overthrow our own senses
Stanley Milgram’s Obedience Study
Proved that obedience to authority can overthrow our senses and morality
Eichmann Defense
“I was just following orders”
Attribution
How do we explain behavior? We ask the question ‘Why?’
Internal (dispositional) cause
A reason for behavior that originates from within an individual, such as personality, beliefs, or motives.
External (situational) causes
Reasons for behavior arising from external factors, such as the environment or social context.
Attitudes
Feelings, beliefs, behavioral intentions
Cognitive Dissonance
When attitudes aren’t in line with each other
Matching Hypothesis
We like those who are attractive...but also likeable people become attractive