Classic Motivation Theories (see Table, p. 237 – read about each theory)
1. Drive-reduction Theory
- we have physiological needs (need for food, water)
- if need is not met, it creates a drive, an aroused, motivated state
(thirst, hunger)
- drive pushes us to reduce the need by eating, drinking
Also pulled by incentives
2. Arousal Theory – we seek optimum arousal for us
Sensation Seeking
Curiosity (causes monkeys to monkey around!)
Why do you want to climb Mt. Everest? (Mallory: “Because it is there”)
3. Hierarchy of Needs – Maslow
Need to Belong
The “newest” level is self-transcendence needs (see p. 236); however,
you don’t have to be too concerned about that -just get the gist of how
it works and know the lowest level (physiological needs).
Hunger Motive
Physiology of Hunger - hypothalamus
Psychology of Hunger
Obesity
Eating Disorders – Bulimia Nervosa and Anorexia Nervosa; these have the
highest mortality rate of all the psychological disorders!
Bulimia – binge and purge; the individual may maintain a normal weight
Anorexia – basically self-starvation; the individual still thinks they are
overweight
The Need to Belong – pp. 242 – 246 – this is an interesting section!
- What are some benefits of belonging?
- Describe the pain of ostracism
- What are the social effects of social networking?
- Does social networking promote narcissism?
- What are some suggestions for maintaining balance and focus in terms
of social media?
3 components of an emotion:
- physiological changes (bodily arousal)
- behavioral expression (walk faster)
- cognitive experience (“Am I being kidnapped?”)
Cannon-Bard Theory: arousal and emotion happen at the same time
James-Lange Theory: physiology arousal comes before the emotion
Know about the Schacter-Singer Two Factor Theory and the spillover effect
Freud’s Premises
Instincts guide behavior (Libido for Life, Thanatos for Death)
The unconscious is important in shaping behavior
Three Components of Personality
Id – inborn; expression of basic instincts, pleasure principle
“Want what I want when I want it”
Ego – rationale/reasoning – Tries to satisfy the Id and Superego, but within what is realistic and practical
Has a job to balance between Id and Superego
Superego – Morality principle (idealistic principle)
…
Ego Defenses
Reduces anxiety
May distort reality
Sublimation
Channeling negative urges to appropriate events/activities
Example: Aggression to Boxing
Denial
Twisting ideas to not face the reality in front of you
Rationalization
Making excuses for unacceptable behavior
Pretending you weren’t interested for being rejected
Displacement
Taking out emotion on a safer target
Anger from a job to yelling at a friend
Projection
Placing something you don’t like about yourself onto someone/something else
Regression
Going back to an earlier stage/acting immaturely
Behaving like a baby
Reaction Formation
Acting opposite to how you feel
Pretending to be extremely happy when you feel sad
Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Personality Development
Oral Stage: birth - 18 months (weaning issue)
Can be “fixated” and manifest
Smoking
Drinking
Nail Biting
Overeating
Anal Stage: 18 months - 3 years (potty training issue)
Freud believed one type of potty training can lead to an OCD-type personality (Anal Retentive)
Anal Repulsive - defiant personality
Phallic Stage: 3 - 5 years (Oedipus complex, Castration Anxiety, Identification)
Superego forms
Latency Stage
Libido goes “underground” – inactive
Genital Stage
Beginning of adult sexuality