Scare tactics, alarmist warnings, drastically over-emphasizing the probability of a terrible outcome
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personal attack, or ad hominem
attacking the speaker rather than the argument, also known as “kill the messenger”
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3
false dilemma (or black and white thinking)
presents an argument with only two options (often where one option is appealing and the other is false and unreasonable), ignoring the full range of options
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4
slippery slope
a valid cause that will lead to more and more unreasonable results, incorrectly linking events that may never exist or occur
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5
non sequitur
“it doesn’t follow”; no logical relationship between two points
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6
argument from athority
we should accept a claim because a respected person says it
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7
tu quoque (you too)
claiming the argument is flawed by pointing out that the one making the argument is not acting consistently with the claims of the argument
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8
straw man
attacks a distorted version of the argument (one that is easy to defeat)
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9
moving the goalposts
arbitrarily setting new standards that must be met to render a statement
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10
anecdotal fallacy
using personal experience or an isolated example instead of a sound argument or compelling evidence
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11
middle ground
claim that a compromise, or a middle point, between two extremes must be the truth
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12
ethos
showing credibility to make people believe something
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13
logos
using logic to convince someone of a point
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14
pathos
using emotion to make someone feel sympathy or fear about a certain thing
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15
repitition
repeated word or phrase
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16
hyperbole
exaggeration
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17
allusion
an indirect or passing reference
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18
anaphora
the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses
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19
tricolon
a group of three similar phrases, words, clauses or sentances
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20
question
sentence order expressed so as to elicit information
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21
hypophora
a figure of speech in which the speaker poses a question and then answers the question
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22
anadiplosis
repetition of a prominent and usually the last word in one phrase or clause at the beginning of the next
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23
litotes
ironic statement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary
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epistrophe
the repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences
Studied by 4 people
