Histology (Lab 1) // BIO 319 (A&P 1) TAMU

4 major tissue types

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, & Nervous

These tissues have NONE or ALMOST NO regeneration

Cardiac muscle tissue & nervous tissue

These tissues have WEAK regeneration

Skeletal muscle tissue & cartilage

These tissues have MODERATE regeneration

Smooth muscle tissue & dense regular connective tissue

These tissues have GOOD or EXCELLENT regeneration

Epithelial tissue, bone, areolar tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, and blood forming tissue

Epithelial tissue function(s)

To line and cover organs as well as their internal passageways

Two types of surfaces in epithelial tissue

Basal (basement) surface & Apical (top) surface

Simple Squamous Epithelium function(s)

Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae

Simple Squamous Epithelium location(s)

Kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium function(s)

Secretion and absorption

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium location(s)

Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Simple Columnar Epithelium function(s)

Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action

Simple Columnar Epithelium location(s)

Nonciliated type lines most of digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small brochi, uterine tubes, and some regions of uterus

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Stratified Squamous Epithelium function(s)

Protects underlying tissues is areas subjected to abrasion

Stratified Squamous Epithelium location(s)

Nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium function(s)

Secretion, particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium location(s)

Nonciliated type in male's sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lined the trachea and most of the upper respiratory tract

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

Transitional Epithelium function(s)

Stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine

Transitional Epithelium location(s)

Lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and parts of the urethra

Transitional Epithelium

Types of Connective Tissue

Connective tissue proper, Fluid connective tissue, & Supporting connective tissue

Types of Connective tissue proper

Loose connective tissue & Dense connective tissue

Types of Fluid connective tissue

Blood & Lymph tissues

Types of Supportive connective tissue

Bone & Cartilage tissues

Areolar Tissue function(s)

Wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid

Areolar Tissue location(s)

Widely distributed under epithelia of body (forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries)

Areolar Tissue

Adipose Tissue function(s)

Provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs

Adipose Tissue location(s)

Under skin in subcutaneous tissue; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts

Adipose Tissue

Dense Regular Connective tissue function(s)

Attaches muscles to bones (tendons); attaches muscles to muscles; attaches bone to bone (ligaments); withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction

Dense Regular Connective tissue location(s)

Tendons; most ligaments; aponeuroses

Dense Regular Connective tissue

Dense Regular Elastic tissue function(s)

Allows recoil of tissue following stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following respiration

Dense Regular Elastic tissue location(s)

Walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the brochial tubes

Dense Regular Elastic tissue

Blood tissue function(s)

Transportation of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances

Blood tissue location(s)

Contained within blood vessels

Blood tissue

Bone tissue function(s)

Supports and protects (by enclosing); provides levers

Bone tissue location(s)

Bones

Bone tissue

Concentric Lamellae

Rings of calcified matrix in osteon

Interstitial Lamellae

Concentric rings of fragmented lamellae between intact osteons

Lacunae

Area between lamellae in which mature osteocytes reside, maintain mineral and protein components of bone matrix

Red Bone Marrow

Blood forming tissue that provides the genesis for all blood cells; present in the medullary cavity of the long bone diaphysis in juveniles

Yellow Bone Marrow

Adipose tissue; red bone marrow is supplanted by this in adults

Hyaline Cartilage tissue function(s)

Supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress

Hyaline Cartilage tissue location(s)

Forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilage of the ribs; cartilage of the nose, trachea, and larynx

Hyaline Cartilage tissue

Elastic Cartilage tissue function(s)

Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility

Elastic Cartilage tissue location(s)

Supports the external ear (pinna); epiglottis

Elastic Cartilage tissue

Fibrocartilage tissue function(s)

Tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock

Fibrocartilage tissue location(s)

Intervertebral discs; pubis symphysis; discs of knee joint

Fibrocartilage tissue

These muscle tissue(s) is/are striated

Skeletal & cardiac muscle

These muscle tissue(s) is/are NOT striated

Smooth muscle

These muscle tissue(s) is/are VOLUNTARY

Skeletal muscle

These muscle tissue(s) is/are INVOLUNTARY

Smooth & cardiac muscle

Skeletal Muscle tissue function(s)

Voluntary control; locomotion; manipulation in the environment; facial expression

Skeletal Muscle tissue location(s)

In skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin

Skeletal Muscle tissue

Cardiac Muscle tissue function(s)

As it contracts, it propels blood into circulation; involuntary control

Cardiac Muscle tissue location(s)

The walls of the heart

Cardiac Muscle tissue

Smooth Muscle tissue function(s)

Propels substances or objects (food, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control

Smooth Muscle tissue location(s)

Mostly in the walls of hollow organs

Smooth Muscle tissue

Nervous tissue function(s)

Transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands), which control their activity

Nervous tissue location(s)

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Nervous tissue

integumentary system

-skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands

-largest organ

-protective barrier, regulate temp, house sensory receptors, homeostasis, vit D3

2 layers of integumentary system

epidermis and dermis

5 layers of epidermis

stratum, corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

2 layers of dermis

papillary and reticular

stratum corenum

horny layer, most superficial, keratin protects against abrasion while glycolipid waterproofs skin

stratum lucidum

-clear layer, 2nd layer from top, palm of hand & sole of foot, tonofilaments (strength fiber)

stratum granulosum

-granular layer, 3rd layer from top, 4-6 layers of keratohyaline (forms keratin)

stratum spinosum

-prickly layer, 4th layer, desmosomes (hold keratin together)

stratum basale

-deepest layer, melanocytes (produce melatonin)

dermis

-below epidermis, has nerve fibers, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels

-divided into 2 layers

papillary layer

-consists of areolar tissue (contains collagen and elatic fibers)

-folds in layer dermal papillae (make finger prints)

-houses phagocytes to help protect from bacteria

reticular layer

hair follicles and glands originate here

3 major types of hair

terminal, vellus, intermediate

terminal hairs

thick, coarse, heavy, dark hairs on scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes

vellus hairs

lightly pigmented, peach fuzz

intermediate hairs

hair on arms and legs

merocrine gland

secretion of cells via exocytosis (no damage done)

apocrine gland

membrane bound vesicles bud off into lumen

holocrine

whole cell ruptures and releases secretions

bone ossifies in what 2 ways

intramembranous bone (cranial and clavicle) and endochondral bone

osteon (Haversian system)

structural unit of bone

perforating canal (Volkmann’s canal)

nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels pierce periosteum and enter bone through here

Haversian canal (central canal)

center of each osteon