BL chapter 5 cell theory

Multicellular organisms~

Multicellular organisms~

have a division of labor among cells, so that each cell does not have to be able to perform all of the functions of the organism. The cells are arranged into tissues, organs, and organ systems. 

All cells have~

a membrane to separate them from the outside world. This outer plasma membrane helps to control what gets into and out of the cell.

Cells have~

hereditary information (DNA) that can be copied and past to daughter cells

Cells have metabolism~

 they can perform chemical reactions with the help of enzymes. They must be able to break down food to provide energy and use it to perform cell processes.

Prokaryotes~

organisms that lack a nucleus and other organelles. Typically bacteria and archea

Eukaryotes~

organisms whose cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. Consists of protists,plants,  fungus, and animals. 

The nucleus~

contains the DNA for the cell

Mitochondria~

involved in energy production; sometimes visible with the light microscope

Rough endoplasmic reticulum~

membrane system containing ribosomes and involved in secretory protein and membrane protein production. 

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum~

membrane system (no ribosomes) involved in lipid synthesis and in detoxifying drugs and poision. 

Golgi apparatus~

stacks of membrane vesicles that store, modify, and package certain proteins, particularly secretory and membrane proteins.

~both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells contain ribosomes,

which are macromolecular structures composed of RNA and proteins. Ribosomes are the sites where proteins synthesis 

Animal cells also contain vesicles such as lysosomes and peroxisomes which are the digestive parts of a cell. 

Plants contain~

chloroplasts and a large central vacuole that stores water and waste. They also have a cell wall to provide support. 

Animals dont have a cell wall~

but they contain an extracellular matrix consisting of proteins and carbs outside of the cell membrane. 

Epithelial tissue~

a sheet-like arrangement of tightly connected cells. They serve as coverings for organs and the lining of organs. Can be cuboidal, columnar, or squamous. 

Columnar cells~

generally hexagonal, but they are taller than they are wide, giving them a rectangular appearance. The stomach and small intestine are lined with columnar epithelium

Muscle tissue~

involved in contraction. There are three main types of muscle tissues~ smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle. Skeletal and cardiac muscle are striated or striped in appearance

Smooth muscle~

unstriated or INVOLUNTARY muscles. Contraction of smooth muscles is unconscious. The cells are long and bulge at the center. They are found surrounding the digestive tract, uterus, and other organs

Skeletal muscle~

 striated and VOLUNTARY. They are consciously contracted such as the major muscles of your arms, legs, chest, and so on. They are known as myofibers.

Cardiac muscle~

striated like skeletal muscle but is INVOLUNTARY. Its the muscle that produces the beat of the heart. 

Connective tissue~

provides protection and support for the body. Its the most abundant type of tissue in animals.

Adipose tissue~

also referred to as fat tissue consists of cells that have a single lipid droplet (fat) in the center. Its important for insulation and energy storage. 

Blood cells~

 suspended in liquid plasma and thus the cells appear as individuals under the microscope. They consist of erythrocytes (red) and leukocytes (white). It is responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the blood. 

The image of columnar under a microscope~ Looks like worms

The image of skeletal tissue under a microscope~ Looks like long thick logs with circle inside

The image of smooth muscle under the microscope~ looks like tissue with small circles (obviously smooth looking)

The image of connective tissue under the microscope~ Looks like rocks or concrete

Blood under the microscope~ Tiny circles

Leaf cells under the microscope~ a cell wall is visible~ looks like bricks on a house

Root cells under the microscope~ looks like tad pole eggs