EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER NETWORKS

COMPUTER NETWORK

SYSTEM OF TWO OR MORE COMPUTERS AND DEVICES CONNECTED TOGETHER TO SHARE DATA, RESOURCES, AND SERVICES USING COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

NETWORK SERVICES

APPLICATIONS OR FUNCTIONS PROVIDED OVER A NETWORK THAT ALLOW USERS TO COMMUNICATE, STORE DATA, ACCESS INFORMATION, OR USE SHARED RESOURCES

1940s - 1960s

PRE NETWORK ERA

PRE-NETWORK ERA

PERIOD WHEN COMPUTERS OPERATED INDEPENDENTLY WITHOUT DIRECT COMMUNICATION WITH EACH OTHER

PRE-NETWORK ERA

INFORMATION, ENTERTAINMENT, AND DATA WERE STORED AND TRANSFERRED ENTIRELY ON PHYSICAL MEDIA

PRE-NETWORK ERA

RANGE FROM ANCIENT WRITING SURFACES TO 20TH CENTURY MAGNETIC AND OPTICAL STORAGE

PAPER

BOOKS, NEWSPAPERS, MAGAZINES, AND LETTERS WERE THE PRIMARY SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND LONG-DISTANCE COMMUNICATION

PHYSICAL ARCHIVES

ENCYCLOPEDIAS AND LIBRARY BOOKS WERE ESSENTIAL FOR RESEARCH

MAPS

WERE REQUIRED FOR NAVIGATION

FLOPPY DISKS

STANDARD FOR COMPUTER SOFTWARE DISTRIBUTION AND DATA STORAGE BEFORE WIDESPREAD NETWORKING

TYPEWRITER PAPER

STANDARD FOR BUSINESS DOCUMENTATION

FAX PAPER

THERMAL OR PLAIN PAPER USED IN MACHINES TO SEND DOCUMENTS OVER PHONE LINES

1960S - 1970S

BIRTH OF COMPUTER NETWORKING - ARPANET

ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECT AGENCY NETWORK

ARPANET

ARPANET

FIRST SIGNIFICANT, OPERATIONAL PACKET-SWITCHING COMPUTER NETWORK AND THE DIRECT FORERUNNER OF THE MODERN INTERNET

ARPANET

FUNDED BY THE US DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE IN THE LATE 1960S

ARPANET

PIONEERED DISTRIBUTED NETWORK CONTROL, ENABLING COMPUTERS AT UNIVERSITIES AND RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS TO COMMUNICATE

ARPANET

CREATED DURING THE COLD WAR TO BUILD A RESILIENT, DECENTRALIZED NETWORK FOR SHARING RESOURCES AMONG RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS

ARPANET

FIRST NETWORK TO UTILIZED PACKET SWITCHING TECHNOLOGY

PACKET SWITCHING

METHOD OF BREAKING DATA INTO SMALL PACKETS THAT ARE TRANSMITTED INDEPENDENTLY ACROSS A NETWORK AND COULD TRAVEL DIFFERENT PATHS TO A DESTINATION

OCTOBER 29, 1969

FIRST NODE-TO-NODE MESSAGE (“LOGIN“) WAS SENT FROM UCLA TO STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE

1973

PACKET-SWITCHING CONNECTED OVER 30 INSTITUTIONS, AND TECHNOLOGIES LIKE E-MAIL AND FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOLS (FTP) QUICKLY EMERGED

OPERATED UNTIL 1990

PACKET-SWITCHING SETS THE FOUNDATION FOR THE INTERNET’S TCP/IP PROTOCOLS

1970S - 1980S

DEVELOPMENT OF LANS AND WANS

LOCAL AREA NETWORKS

LANS

LANS

EMERGED IN THE 1970S TO FACILITATE COMMUNICATION WITHIN A SINGLE BUILDING OR CAMPUS

LANS

CONNECT DEVICES IN SMALL, PRIVATE AREAS LIKE HOMES OR OFFICES, OFFERING HIGH SPEEDS

LANS

TYPICALLY OWNED, CONTROLLED, AND MANAGED BY A SINGLE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION

LANS

PROVIDES HIGH DATA TRANSFER RATES, OFTEN REACHING GIGABITS PER SECOND, WITH LOW LATENCY

LANS

USES ETHERNET CABLES, SWITCHES, AND WIFI

LANS

EASIER TO SECURE DUE TO ITS LIMITED SCOPE

WIDE AREA NETWORKS

WANS

WANS

EMERGED EARLIER IN THE 1950S - 1960S

WANS

SPAN LARGE DISTANCES, CONNECTING MULTIPLE LANS ACROSS CITIES OR COUNTRIES USING PUBLIC, THRID-PARTY INFRASTRUCTURE SUCH AS INTERNET

WANS

OFTEN USES INFRASTRUCTURES OWNED BY TELECOMMUNICATIONS PROVIDERS, WITH MANAGEMENT DISTRIBUTED AMONG MULTIPLE PARTIES

WANS

GENERALLY HAS A LOWER DATA TRANSFER SPEEDS AND HIGHER LATENCY DUE TO THE LONG DISTANCE DATA TRAVELS

WANS

USES ROUTERS, MODEMS, SATELLITES, AND LEASED LINES

WANS

MORE VULNERABLE TO SECURITY THREATS DUE TO ITS LARGE SCOPE AND RELIANCE ON PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE, REQUIRING ROBUST SECURITY LIKE VPNS AND FIREWALLS

1980S - 1990S

STANDARDIZATION AND PROTOCOLS - TCP/IP

TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL/INTERNET PROTOCOL

TCP/IP

TCP/IP

SUITE OF COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS USED TO INTERCONNECT NETWORK DEVICES ON THE INTERNET

TCP/IP

USED AS A COMMUNICATIONS PROTOCOL IN A PRIVATE COMPUTER NETWORK - AN INTRANET OR EXTRANET

VINTON CERF AND ROBERT KAHN

US DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE’S DARPA SCIENTIST

VINTON CERF AND ROBERT KAHN

CREATED TCP/IP IN THE 1970S TO ESTABLISHED A RELIABLE, STANDARDIZED, AND RESILIENT COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL FOR ARPANET, ALLOWING DIVERSE, HETEROGENOUES COMPUTER NETWORKS TO CONNECT AND SHARE DATA

TCP

HANDLING CONNECTION AND DATA INTEGRITY

IP

MANAGES ADDRESSING AND ROUTING

1990S

THE RISE OF THE INTERNET AND WORLD WIDE WEB

PAUL BARAN AND DONALD DAVIES

PROPOSED A DECENTRALIZED NETWORK CALLED PACKET-SWITCHING THAT COULD TRAVEL INDEPENDENTLY ACROSS VARIOUS PATHS, FINDING THEIR DESTINATION EVEN IF PART OF A NETWORK WAS DESTROYED

1970S

OTHER NETWORKS WERE EMERGING, BUT THEY COULDN’T TALK TO EACH OTHER

JANUARY 1, 1983

ARPANET ADOPTED TCP/IP, OFFICIALLY CREATING THE TECHNICAL FOUNDATION OF THE MODERN INTERNET

WORLD WIDE WEB

WWW

TIM BERNERS-LEE

BRITISH SCIENTIST WHO INVENTED WWW IN 1989 WHILE WORKING AT CERN, THE EUROPEAN PARTICLE PHYSICS LABORATORY, DESIGNED TO AUTOMATE INFORMATION SHARING AMONG SCIENTISTS

TIM BERNERS-LEE

DEVELOPED THE FIRST WEB SERVER, BROWSER, HTML, HTTP, AND URLS BY THE LATE 1990

APRIL 30, 1993

WWW WAS RELEASED INTO THE PUBLIC DOMAIN BY CERN WHICH ENABLED RAPID GLOBAL ADOPTION

2000S

WIRELESS NETWORKING AND MOBILE INTERNET

WIRELESS NETWORKING AND MOBILE INTERNET

WIRELESS NETWORK, ALOHANET, AND MOBILE INTERNET

WIRELESS NETWORK

CONNECTS DEVICES WITHOUT PHYSICAL CABLES, USING RADIO WAVES TO TRANSMIT DATA, ALLOWING FOR MOBILITY AND FLEXIBLE ACCESS TO THE INTERNET AND SHARED RESOURCES IN HOMES, BUSINESSES, AND PUBLIC SPACES LIKE CAFES

WIRELESS NETWORK

WORKS BY DEVICES SENDING RADIO SIGNALS TO A ROUTER, WHICH TRANSLATES THEM INTO INTERNET DATA, WITH COMMON EXAMPLES INCLUDING HOME WIFI (WLAN), BLUETOOTH (WPAN), AND CELLULAR (WWAN)

ALOHA SYSTEM

ALOHANET

DR. NORMAN ABRAMSON

DEVELOPED THE ALOHANET IN 1971

ALOHANET

WORLD’S FIRST WIRELESS PACKET DATA NETWORK

ALOHANET

PIONEERED THE USE OF RANDOM-ACCESS PROTOCOLS, ENABLING REMOTE USERS TO CONNECT TO A CENTRAL COMPUTER VIA UHF RADIO, WHICH SIGNIFICANTLY INFLUENCED MODERN ETHERNET, WIFI, AND CELLULAR TECHNOLOGIES

ALOHANET

TYPICALLY USE A CENTRAL ACCESS POINT (ROUTER) THAT COMMUNICATES WITH DEVICES AND CONNECTS TO THE INTERNET, FORMING A LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (WLANS) OR EXTENDING COVERAGE THROUGH MULTIPLE POINTS FOR SEAMLESS ROAMING, ALL GOVERNED BY STANDARDS LIKE IEEE 802.11 (WIFI)

MODERN INTERNET

1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, AND 5G

1G (1979)

ANALOG SYSTEMS

2G (1991)

DIGITAL SYSTEMS WITH WAP AND I-MODE MARKING THE FIRST TRUE MOBILE WEB BROWSING

3G (2001)

SLOW DATA

4G (2006)

BROADBAND-SPEED

5G (2019)

DRIVEN BY BREAKTHROUGHS IN MOSFET TECHNOLOGY THAT ENABLED HIGH-SPEED, PACKET-SWITCHED NETWORKING, ENABLING THE MODERN SMARTPHONE ERA

MODERN NETWORKS

CLOUD COMPUTING, IOT, AND 5G

CLOUD COMPUTING

ON-DEMAND DELIVERY OF IT RESOURCES - INCLUDING COMPUTING POWER, STORAGE, AND DATABASE - OVER THE INTERNET WITH PAY - AS - YOU - GO PRICING

CLOUD COMPUTING

ALLOWS INDIVIDUALS AND BUSINESSES TO ACCESS, CONFIGURE, AND SCALE TECHNOLOGY SERVICES REMOTELY WITHOUT MAINTAINING PHYSICAL, ON-PREMISES DATA CENTERS OR HARDWARE

INTERNET OF THINGS

IOT

IOT

VAST, INTERCONNECTED ECOSYSTEM OF PHYSICAL OBJECTS (“THINGS“) EQUIPPED WITH SENSORS, SOFTWARE, AND PROCESSING CAPABILITIES THAT ALLOW THEM TO COLLECT, EXCHANGE, AND ACT ON DATA OVER THE INTERNET OR PRIVATE NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE, OFTEN WITHOUT REQUIRING HUMAN - TO - HUMAN OR HUMAN - TO - COMPUTER INTERACTION

5G

FIFTH GENERATION OF GLOBAL WIRELESS CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY, DEFINING A NEW, SOFTWARE-DEFINED, AND CLOUD-NATIVE STANDARD FOR TELECOMMUNICATIONS THAT SUCCEEDS 4G LTE

5G

CHARACTERIZED NOT JUST BY HIGHER SPEEDS, BUT BY ITS ABILITY TO PROVIDE ULTRA-LOW LATENCY, MASSIVE DEVICE CONNECTIVITYM AND CUSTOMIZED NETWORK PERFORMANCE THROUGH NETWORK SLICING

5G

OFFERS SPEEDS UP TO 10-20 TIMES FASTER THAN 4G, WITH THEORETICAL PEAK DOWNLOAD SPEEDS REACHING 20 GIGABITS PER SECOND AND SERVICES USING COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES