Chapter 41: Osmotic Regulation and Excretion

this results from excessive intake of water too quickly, which disrupts the balance of electrolytes in the body

water toxicity/poisoning

the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane is ___

osmosis

true or false: during osmosis, water moves from an area of low concentration (high solute concentration) to an area of high concentration (low solute concentration)

false. during osmosis, water moves from an area of high concentration (low solute concentration) to an area of low concentration (high solute concentration)

this numerical value represents the solution’s total solute concentration

osmolarity

true or false: water moves from an area of low osmolarity to an area of high osmolarity

true

in this type of solution, the concentration of solutes is equal inside and out the cell

isotonic solution

in this type of solution cell shrinkage occurs because the concentration of solutes is lower inside the cell and higher outside the cell, so water leaves the cell

hypertonic solution

in this type of solution, swelling occurs because the concentration of solutes is higher inside and lower out the cell, so water enters the cell

hypotonic solution

the process of maintenance of salt and water balance (osmotic balance) arose membranes within the body’s fluids (water, electrolytes, non-electrolytes) is defined as ___

osmoregulation

this organ is the primary organs that filters blood, removes waste, maintains osmotic balance, and produces urine in the excretory system

kidneys

this vessel braces into capillaries, and brings oxygenated blood containing waste to the kidneys via the aorta

the renal artery

this vessel branches into venules, and sends filtered blood out of the kidneys via the vena cava

the renal vein

this organ sends urine from the kidneys to the bladder

ureter

this organ collects and acts as a storage site for urine

bladder

this organ sends urine from the bladder out of the body

urethra

the protective face of the kidneys is called the ___

renal fascia

the outer layer of the kidneys is called the ___

cortex

the middle layer of the kidneys is called the ___

medulla

the concave inner section of the kidneys connected to the ureter is called the ___

renal pelvis

the functional unit of the kidneys expanding from the cortex to the medulla that filters blood and removes waste to create urine

nephron

the filtration site of the nephron is called the ___

renal corpuscle

the dense network of capillaries that sends liquid to the Bowman’s capsule via glomerular filtration is called the ___

glomerulus

the structure surrounding the glomerulus that receives the liquid (primary urine), which contains water, glucose, salt, etc.

Bowman’s capsule

what structure reabsorbs substances in the primary urine?

renal tubule

in which section of the renal tubule is urine the closest to the kidneys?

the proximal convoluted tubule

in which section of the renal tubule does urine go down?

the descending loop of henle

in which section of the renal tubule does urine go up?

the ascending loop of henle

in which section of the renal tubule is urine the furthest from the kidneys?

the distal convolute tubule

the surrounding capillaries that interact with parts of the renal tube are called the ___

associated capillary network

true or false: more than half of water and ions are reabsorbed in the associated capillary network

true

during urine formation, blood pressure forcing solutes into the nephron result in the start of what in the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule?

filtration

during urine formation, the reabsorption of water, NaCl, glucose, and amino acids, and the secretion of drugs, uric acid, and creatine occurs in the ___, where the osmolarity is ___

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), 300

during urine formation, the reabsorption of water via aquaporins (water channels in the cell membrane) occurs in the ___, where the osmolarity increases to ____

descending loop of henle, 600

during urine formation, the reabsorption and transportation of NaCl creating an osmotic drive that allows water to be reabsorbed occurs in the ___, where the osmolarity decreases to ___

ascending loop of henle, 100

during urine formation, the reabsorption of NaCl and the secretion of potassium and hydrogen occurs in the ____, where the osmolarity is ___

distal convoluted tubule (DCT), 100

during urine formation, the regulation of urine volume and osmolarity via hormones occurs in the ___

collecting duct

this hormone is produced by the hypothalamus and is critical for osmoregulation in the collecting duct

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

true or false: ADH is released when the brain detects a decrease blood pressure and blood osmolarity

true

true or false: ADH binds to receptors in the collecting duct cells, causing a decrease in aquaporins present there

false. ADH binds to receptors in the collecting duct cells, causing an increase in aquaporins present there