Minerals HUN 6535 - Phosphorus, Magnesium, Sulfur, and Iron

____ is the second most abundant mineral in the body

phosphorus

85% of Phosphorus is found in ___, ___, and all body cells as part of a __________ system

bones, teeth (hydroxyapatite)

major buffer (phosphoric acid and its salts)

Enzymes and which vitamin(s) become active only when a phosphate group is attached as a coenzyme?

B vitamins

An example of phosphate as an intermediate is in

glycolysis

Phosphorus is also needed for energy metabolism, as seen in ___, the currency energy of cells

ATP

true or false: phosphorus is part of DNA and RNA

true

which mineral helps transport lipids in the circulation and also acts as a structural component of cell membranes?

Phosphorus (phospholipid bilayer)

describe the phospholipid bilayer

two layers thick, water soluble on the outside (phosphate) , fat soluble on the inside

phosphorus deficiencies are [likely or unlikely]?

unlikely, it is found in almost all founds

____ food and drinks contain a lot of phosphorus

processed

what are the forms of phosphate found in food?

calcium phosphate, disodium phosphate, phosphoric acid, monopotassium phosphate

protein-containing foods are rich in ____

phosphorus (milk, cheese, liver, almonds)

true or false: there are adverse effects associated with high intake of phosphorus

false

Displacement of milk by cola drinks has adverse effects on bone by reducing ___ intake

calcium

magnesium is found mainly in ___, as it supports _____ _____, but also in _____ and ___ ____

bones, as it supports bone mineralization, but also in muscles and soft tissues

1% of magnesium is found in

extracellular fluid

true or false: bone magnesium serves as a reservoir to ensure normal blood concentrations

true

which mineral is part of several coenzymes in energy metabolism, hundreds of enzyme systems, protein, fat, nucleic acid synthesis, and cell membrane transport systems?

magnesium

Unlike calcium, magnesium inhibits _____ _____ and _____ _____

muscle contraction and blood clotting

The dynamic between calcium and magnesium's roles help regulate _____ ______, _____ and ____ function, as well as ______ function and _____ _______ ________

blood pressure, heart and lung function, as well as immune function and nerve impulse transmission

what mineral is found in hard and mineral waters, legumes, seeds, nuts, and green leafy vegetables?

magnesium

true or false: magnesium deficiency symptoms are very common

false, deficiency symptoms appear rarely

magnesium deficiency symptoms appear with

alcohol abuse, protein malnutrition, kidney disease, prolonged vomiting and diarrhea

severe magnesium deficiency causes ____

tetany (uncontrolled muscle contraction)

____ is critical for heart function and protects against hypertension and heart disease

magnesium (deficiency causes the artery walls to contract)

magnesium deficiency symptoms are

weakness, confusion, difficulty swallowing, growth failure in children severe symptoms: eye and face muscle convulsions, hallucinations

what is sulfate?

the oxidized form of sulfur found in food and water

sulfate comes from

methionine and cysteine from dietary proteins

sulfate determines the contour of _____ molecules by forming _______________

protein

disulfide bridges

disulfide bridges work to

stabilize the protein structure

what part of the human body contain high sulfate content?

skin, hair, and nails contain rigid body proteins with a high sulfate content

true or false: there are strict recommendations for sulfate intake

false, there are no recommendations for intake, dietary needs are easily met

dietary needs of sulfate are easily met and deficiencies will not occur as long as there is consumption of _____

protein

Most common sign of a mineral deficiency in children is _________

failure to grow/thrive

if diet is inadequate, multi-vitamin & mineral supplements should provide _____ of RDA

50-150%

Taken as supplement in a concentrated form, nutrients could interfere in each others’ absorption

Mg overload may lead to Fe deficiency, Se deficiency may halt activation of thyroid hormone, Fe deficiency increases risk for lead poisoning

Therapeutic doses to correct deficiency are 2-10X higher than ___

RDA

Iron is needed as a _____ involved in amino acid, collagen, hormones and neurotransmitter synthesis

coenzyme

Because iron can exist in these different ionic states, it can serve as a cofactor to enzymes involved in _______ reactions

oxidation-reduction

The 2 ionic states of Fe participate in transporting H+ & electrons from energy-yielding nutrients to oxygen & water, forming _____ for the use by the cells in the process

ATP

Hemoglobin - oxygen carrying protein in RBC’s; ___% of the body’s iron

80%

oxygen holding protein in muscle cells; contains Fe.

myoglobin

ferredoxins are iron-sulfur complexes, required for ______

photosynthesis

Fe is stored in the _____ cells until body requires more Fe

mucosal

mucosal ferritin (storage) —> mucosal transferrin (trasnport) ——> ____ transferrin

blood

Fe is absorbed more efficiently when stores are ____, than when they are adequate

low

Hormone _____ produced by liver maintains blood iron by inhibiting absorption and transport to storage as needed

hepcidin

Iron-sulfur complex (______) in the Krebs cycle links the iron content with energy production via oxidative phosphorylation

aconitase

Iron is one of the most ______ metals on earth, but great majority is insoluble-difficult to get food sources

abundant

About __% of heme iron is absorbed and 17% of non-heme is absorbed

25%; 17%

depleted body iron stores without regard to the presence of anemia is known as

iron deficiency

severe depletion of iron stores that results in low hemoglobin concentration is known as

iron deficiency anemia

Even a mild Fe deficiency can lead to impaired ______ oxidation which then leads to reduced physical work capacity & productivity

impaired pyruvate oxidation which then leads to reduced physical work capacity & Productivity

T/F: Hemosiderosis is more common in men than women?

True

menstruating women should supplement ____ mg of iron per day

18 mg

What are some signs of iron overload?

Similar to those of iron deficiency: apathy, lethargy, fatigue, and tissue damage in liver

T/F: Iron supplements are not dangerous

False: transferrin saturation and serum ferritin need to be measured

What is the first assessment tool for suspected iron deficiency?

serum ferritin levels

if serum ferritin levels are low, the next assessment tool would be to check for low _________ and elevated _________

low serum iron levels and elevated serum transferrin

if a patient has low serum iron levels and elevated serum transferrin levels, the next assessment tool would be to check for low ______ and ______ and elevated ______

low hemoglobin and hematocrit and elevated erythrocyte protoporphyrin

what accumulates when iron is low?

iron-containing portion of the hemoglobin molecule

one physical manifestation of iron deficiency anemia in dark skinned people is found in the ____ _____

eye lining (normally pink, becomes pale)

Hemosiderosis is caused by_____

long term over consumption of Fe

T/F: Healthy people absorb less Fe when stores are full

True

What is hemosiderosis?

a condition characterized by large deposits of Fe storage protein hemosiderin in the liver

T/F: Any departure from normal healthy appearance and behavior in children may be a sign of possible poor nutrition

True

In children, restlessness & other symptoms due to Fe deficiency maybe mistaken for _________

Behavioral Problems

T/F: Non- food substances related to Pica contain Fe

False

Hemochromatosis is usually due to ______ and can also be caused by____

Deficiency of hepcidin, which supports iron homeostasis and can also be caused be repeated blood transfusions, large doses of supplemental Fe

Iron over load is also known as: _____

Hemochromatosis

What is hemochromatosis?

The most common genetic disorder in the U.S that enhances Fe absorption (affecting 1.5 million people in the U.S)

T/F: Clay inhibits Fe absorption

True

Less obvious Fe deficiency symptoms can look like:

Reduced physical work capacity and productivity, just apathy lack of motivation, and less physical fitness

Why are infections common with iron toxicity?

bacteria thrive on iron rich blood

What are symptoms of Fe poisoning in children?

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rapid heartbeat, shock, confusion

T/F: You should keep iron supplements away from children

True

200mg of Fe supplement in children can cause____

death, cell death in stomach, intestines, and liver. It may also cause internal bleeding

Iron poisoning in children can be as few as ______ pills or _____mg

5, 200

Trace minerals have functions in the ______, _________, ________ systems, blood, bone, ________

gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, central nervous systems, blood, bone, muscle;

Excessive iron and vitamin C supplement may cause _______

iron over load

Each trace mineral has a _________ in the body.

unique function

The trace mineral content of foods depends on its ________, _________, & the amount of __________.

content in the soil, in the water, & the amount of processing.

Vitamin C enhances ____ absorption and releases Fe from _______ leading to ________ & _______

Iron, ferritin, free radicals, pro-oxidant damage

Untreated hemosiderosis aggravates _______

diabetes, liver, cancer, heart disease & arthritis

Minerals cannot be destroyed by heat, air, acid or mixing; they are the ____ that remains when food is _____.

Ash/Burned

Symptoms of Infections related to Fe-rich blood are most severe in _________

alcohol abusers, since alcohol damages small intestine & liver

T/F: Once trace minerals enter the body, they remain until excreted. They can sometimes be changed into something else

False: trace minerals cannot be changed into anything else.

________________ are found in the body in very small amounts

Trace minerals

In cancer patients, free Fe radicals can damage__________

DNA

How may fiber be protective when it comes to Fe and cancer?

phytates binding Fe

the protection of Pre-menopausal women from heart diease may be due in part to

lower iron stores

T/F: Repeat blood donors have lower risk of CHD (heart disease)

True- maybe due to low Fe

Iron oxidizes ______, which may lead to heart disease

LDL

Free iron is a ______

Oxidant, generating more radicals

T/F: Minerals, both major and minor are not easily destroyed & always retain their chemical identity.

True

In certain diseases such as _______ disease, free radicals attack ferritin leading to release of _____ from storage

heart, Fe

Most common sign of a trace mineral deficiency is _____________________

Failure to grow & thrive in children

Therapeutic doses to correct deficiency are ______x higher than RDA (supplement is acting as a drug)

2-10x

What are some circumstances where supplements may be needed to support increased nutrient needs?

Menstrual losses of iron, prenatal folate to avoid neural tube defects, vit K for newborns to prevent abnormal bleeding, fluoride for infants, children.