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Which of the following describes a major difference between northern humanists and Italian humanists?

Both looked to classical sources, but northern humanists also emphasized Christian sources.

Advocates of northern humanism believed which of the following?

The fusion of Christian and Classical ideals provides the best definition of virtuous conduct.

The emphasis of Northern Renaissance humanists on religious themes was most closely connected to their

desire to reform what they saw as shortcomings of the Roman Catholic Church

The tendency of Northern Renaissance artists to focus on contemporary individuals as well as themes of everyday life is most closely connected to which of the following developments in northern Europe during the sixteenth century?

The growing prosperity of new commercial groups

Like those of the Italian Renaissance, the ideas of the Northern Renaissance were strongly influenced by humanists' interest in

classical antiquity

The house above, designed by Palladio and constructed in Italy during the sixteenth century, illustrates the architectural influence of

classical temples

Lorenzo Valla's demonstration that the Donation of Constantine was fraudulent weakened the papacy's claim

to extensive territories in Italy

The image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments during the Renaissance?

The growth of individualist humanism in artistic expression

Based upon the image and its historical context, which of the following groups would have been most likely to commission paintings similar to Dürer's Self-Portrait?

Commercial elites who sponsored art that emphasized everyday life and naturalist style

The term "humanism," when applied to Renaissance Italy, refers primarily to the

scholarly interest in the study of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome

All of the following were common subjects of Italian Renaissance works of art EXCEPT

peasant life

"If a Prince wants to maintain his rule, he must learn how not to be virtuous, and to make use of this or not according to his need."

The passage above best reflects the argument of

Machiavelli

"In July, I went to Milan at the request of the illustrious Duke Galeazzo to stand godfather to his firstborn child. . . . We paid our due to the Duchess by presenting her with a necklace of gold and a large diamond, which cost near 2,000 [Venetian] ducats. The consequence was that the said Lord desired that I should stand godfather to all his children. . . .

To do as others had done, I held a joust in the Piazza Santa Croce [in Florence] at great expense and with great pomp. I think we spent about 10,000 ducats on that and, although I was not highly versed in the use of weapons and the delivery of blows, the first prize was given to me. . . .

Piero, our father, departed this life on July 2. . . . I find that from 1434 till now [our family] has spent large sums of money, as appear in a small notebook [found among my father's possessions]. Incredible are the sums written down. They amount to 663,755 [Florentine] florins given for alms, buildings, and taxes, let alone other expenses. But I do not regret this, for though many would consider it better to have that sum in their purse, I consider that it gave great honor to our State, and I think the money was well expended."

Lorenzo de' Medici, Florentine statesman, journal entries, 1469

Which of the following statements best characterizes the activities of the Medici family described in Lorenzo's diary?

The Medicis' lavish public and charitable spending was generally consistent with humanist ideals of political behavior.

The political strength of the Medici family in Florence was initially based on

the influence and wealth of their bank

"He desired glory and excellence beyond that of anyone else. He showed favor to vernacular poetry and all the fine arts. Under him the city was not free, but it would have been impossible for it to have had a better or more pleasing tyrant."

The passage above most accurately describes

Lorenzo de Medici

Taken together, the two portraits best represent which of the following artistic developments of the Italian Renaissance?

The growing emphasis on naturalism and humanism

The portrait of Heraclitus best reflects which of the following features of the Italian Renaissance?

The revival of interest in classical works

The commissioning of Image 1 best represents which of the following trends of the Italian Renaissance?

The use of art to enhance the prestige of the elites

Renaissance humanism drew its main inspiration from

classical languages and literature

Renaissance humanism is primarily defined as

a curriculum based on the study of the classics, rhetoric, and history

"They are ungrateful, changeable, simulators and dissimulators, runaways in danger, eager for gain; while you do well by them they are all yours; they offer you their blood, their property, their lives, their children when need is far off; but when it comes near you, they tum about."

The political assessment above of Renaissance citizens can be found in

Machiavelli's The Prince

"Assume, O men of the German lands, that ancient spirit of yours with which you so often confounded and terrified the Romans and turn your eyes to the frontiers of Germany; collect her torn and broken territories. Let us be ashamed, ashamed I say, to have placed upon our nation the yoke of slavery. . . . O free and powerful people, O noble and valiant race. . . . To such an extent are we corrupted by Italian sensuality and by fierce cruelty in extracting filthy profit that it would have been far more holy and reverent for us to practice that rude and rustic life of old, living within the bounds of self-control, than to have imported the paraphernalia of sensuality and greed which are never sated, and to have adopted foreign customs."

Conrad Celtis, oration delivered at the University of Ingolstadt, 1492

The passage above most clearly shows the influence of which of the following trends in fifteenth-century Europe?

The revival of classical learning and the development of Northern humanism

"Assume, O men of the German lands, that ancient spirit of yours with which you so often confounded and terrified the Romans and turn your eyes to the frontiers of Germany; collect her torn and broken territories. Let us be ashamed, ashamed I say, to have placed upon our nation the yoke of slavery. . . . O free and powerful people, O noble and valiant race. . . . To such an extent are we corrupted by Italian sensuality and by fierce cruelty in extracting filthy profit that it would have been far more holy and reverent for us to practice that rude and rustic life of old, living within the bounds of self-control, than to have imported the paraphernalia of sensuality and greed which are never sated, and to have adopted foreign customs."

Conrad Celtis, oration delivered at the University of Ingolstadt, 1492

Celtis' discussion of Italian influence in the German lands is most similar to which of the following?

Martin Luther's criticisms of the Catholic Church in his Ninety-five Theses

Which of the following describes a major difference between northern humanists and Italian humanists?

Both looked to classical sources, but northern humanists also emphasized Christian sources.

Advocates of northern humanism believed which of the following?

The fusion of Christian and Classical ideals provides the best definition of virtuous conduct.

The emphasis of Northern Renaissance humanists on religious themes was most closely connected to their

desire to reform what they saw as shortcomings of the Roman Catholic Church

The tendency of Northern Renaissance artists to focus on contemporary individuals as well as themes of everyday life is most closely connected to which of the following developments in northern Europe during the sixteenth century?

The growing prosperity of new commercial groups

Like those of the Italian Renaissance, the ideas of the Northern Renaissance were strongly influenced by humanists' interest in

classical antiquity

Which of the following best accounts for the changes indicated in the tables between the literacy rates of the sixteenth century and those of the seventeenth century?

The development and spread of cheap printed educational materials, such as books for learning to read

Which of the following most facilitated the rapid adoption of the printing press in Europe in the last half of the 1400s?

Increases in literacy and decreases in the cost of paper

Which of the following best explains why the spread of the printing press encouraged the spread of new religious ideas?

The printing press allowed people to bypass the Catholic Church's traditional monopoly on the production of religious texts.

Which of the following best explains how the printing press contributed to the development of national cultures in Europe?

The printing press encouraged the spread of vernacular literature.

The ability of someone of Herberle's social status in seventeenth-century Germany to read and write was most likely the result of which of the following?

The Protestant Reformation's emphasis on individual study of the Bible

In which of the following ways did monarchs in the 1400s and 1500s seek to create more centralized states?

By curbing the traditional power of the nobility to administer justice

New political theories developed during the Renaissance were characterized by an emphasis on

the improvement of centralized forms of government

Which of the following features of Renaissance Italy had the most influence on the development of new political theories there?

The division of Italy into numerous city-states

Which of the following can be deduced from the maps above, which chart population density and taxation in sixteenth-century Castile?

Southeastern Castile was sparsely populated and paid proportionally more taxes.

Which of the following best describes the results of the Peace of Augsburg (1555) ?

it provided a legal basis for the existence of Lutheranism

In addition to the conquest of the last Muslim outpost in Spain at Granada and Columbus' voyage to the Americas, which of the following occurred in 1492 ?

The Jewish population was expelled from Spain

"I traveled to Montpellier [in southern France] and associated there with several Protestants who have close contacts with Spain in order to learn if they ship books to Spain or know any heretics there. In order to gather this information...I pretended to be a heretic myself and proposed to take some books, such as the works of John Calvin and Theodore Beza, to Spain....A bookseller and a merchant volunteered to bring the books secretly to Barcelona to the home of one of their friends who was, as they said, of their faith. A thousand deceptions were necessary to gather this information....I learned the names of all [Protestants] from the merchant, for he told me that they were of his religion. I am staying here...in the service of God and Your Majesty."

Report by an agent of the Spanish Inquisition to King Philip II, 1566

How did Philip II's religious policies illustrated in the passage compare to the policies pursued by other fifteenth- and sixteenth-century European monarchs?

Philip's policies controlling religious beliefs and practices were similar to the policies of most other monarchs at the time.

"I traveled to Montpellier [in southern France] and associated there with several Protestants who have close contacts with Spain in order to learn if they ship books to Spain or know any heretics there. In order to gather this information...I pretended to be a heretic myself and proposed to take some books, such as the works of John Calvin and Theodore Beza, to Spain....A bookseller and a merchant volunteered to bring the books secretly to Barcelona to the home of one of their friends who was, as they said, of their faith. A thousand deceptions were necessary to gather this information....I learned the names of all [Protestants] from the merchant, for he told me that they were of his religion. I am staying here...in the service of God and Your Majesty."

Report by an agent of the Spanish Inquisition to King Philip II, 1566

Which of the following is best supported by the passage?

Owning and reading Protestant religious literature was illegal in Spain

"Lutherans who are subjects of Catholics, and Catholic subjects of Lutherans, and those who at some time following the peace's publication shall profess and embrace a religion different from that of the lord of their territory, shall be patiently tolerated and have liberty of conscience, and shall not be hindered in attending their devotions held privately in their homes. They shall not be prohibited from participating in the public exercise of religion in their neighborhoods as often as they wish, nor prohibited from sending their children to foreign schools of their own faith, nor from having them instructed at home by private teachers. Yet freeholders, vassals, and subjects shall perform their duty [to their ruler] in all other things with due obedience and submission, and without any disturbance or commotion.

If a subject changes his religion after the publication of the peace, or shall have a mind to change his religion, or be willing to change his abode, or be ordered by the lord of the manor to emigrate, then he shall be free to sell his properties or to have them administered by his relations, to visit them freely without any letters of passport, and to do this as often as is required to conduct his affairs and legal business, and pay his debts."

Treaty of Osnabrück, part of the Peace of Westphalia, between the Holy Roman emperor and the queen of Sweden, 1648

The provisions of the treaty in the passage had which of the following long-term effects on Europe?

They led to a decline of the importance of religion as a motivation for conflict among European states.

Ferdinand and Isabella supported the expulsion or conversion of Muslims and Jews in Spain because

Ferdinand and Isabella were hostile to religious faiths other than Christianity

"Officials: When a Cortes [the traditional advisory council of Castile] must be called, each district shall choose two officials to go to the Cortes, one from the nobility and one from the commoners... and each bishopric shall choose one cleric to go to the Cortes, and the knights shall choose two knights, and the [religious] orders shall choose two members of the orders, one Franciscan and one Dominican; and without all of these [representatives] there can be no Cortes.

Justice: The king shall not be able to name a corregidor [district judge] in any place; instead, each city and town shall on the first day of the year nominate three nobles and three commoners, and the king or his governor shall choose one noble and one commoner [from among these nominees]; these two shall then be civil and criminal judges for three years.

Money: The king shall not be allowed to take any coins out of the kingdom, nor gold or silver dust, and no coin can circulate or have value in Castile if it was not minted in the kingdom.

War: Whenever the king wishes to make war he shall summon a Cortes, and inform its members... explaining the reasons for the war, so that they can see whether it is just or capricious. Without their consent the king cannot fight any war."

Based on the rebels' demands, it can be concluded that Charles V sought to implement in Castile policies characteristic of

New monarchs

"Officials: When a Cortes [the traditional advisory council of Castile] must be called, each district shall choose two officials to go to the Cortes, one from the nobility and one from the commoners... and each bishopric shall choose one cleric to go to the Cortes, and the knights shall choose two knights, and the [religious] orders shall choose two members of the orders, one Franciscan and one Dominican; and without all of these [representatives] there can be no Cortes.

Justice: The king shall not be able to name a corregidor [district judge] in any place; instead, each city and town shall on the first day of the year nominate three nobles and three commoners, and the king or his governor shall choose one noble and one commoner [from among these nominees]; these two shall then be civil and criminal judges for three years.

Money: The king shall not be allowed to take any coins out of the kingdom, nor gold or silver dust, and no coin can circulate or have value in Castile if it was not minted in the kingdom.

War: Whenever the king wishes to make war he shall summon a Cortes, and inform its members... explaining the reasons for the war, so that they can see whether it is just or capricious. Without their consent the king cannot fight any war."

The rebel leaders' insistence on the importance of the Cortes best exemplifies which of the following processes in early modern Europe?

Attempts by corporate groups to use existing institutions of shared governance to resist royal encroachment

"You should know that the said King of Portugal has leased this island to Christians for ten years, so that no one can enter the bay to trade with the Arabs save those who hold the license. These Christians have dwellings on the island and factories where they buy and sell with the said Arabs who come to the coast to trade for merchandise of various kinds, such as woolen cloths, cotton, silver and coarse cloth, that is cloaks, carpets, and similar articles and above all grain, for they are always short of food. The Arabs give in exchange slaves whom the Arabs bring from the land of the Blacks, and gold dust. The King therefore caused a castle to be built on the island to protect this trade forever. For this reason, Portuguese caravels come and go all year long to this island."

Alvise de Ca'da Mosto, Venetian merchant, describing the Portuguese island of Arguim off the west coast of Africa, 1454