gcse geography : urban issues and challenges

includes case studies of rio and london

what is urbanisation

the increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas

whats an urban area

a built-up area such as a town or city

what are the urban trends in HICs

* more economically developed like uk/japan
* slowed growth (some places reversed)

what are the urban trends in LICs

* less economically developed like ethiopia/Afghanistan
* 30% of people live in urban areras
* rapid growth

what are the urabn trends in NEEs

* economic developmetn increasing rapidly like brazil/china
* urban population 50%
* some are devleoping, some are not

whats rural to urban migration

the movement of people from countrysides to cities

what are push factors and what are some examples of them

* **reasons which encourage people to leave the area**
* natural disasters
* unemployment/low wages
* poor living conditons

what are pull factors and what are some examples of them

* reasons which encourage people to move to an area
* more jobs which are better payed
* better healthcare/ education
* less chance of natural disasters

what are 2 of the main reasons for urbanisation

natural increase and rural to urban migration

what is natural increase

when the birth rate exceeds the death rate

how does natural increase increase urbanisation

* young people go to cities to find work
* these people then have children increasing smount of people living in urban areas

whats a megacicty

urban areas with more than 10 million people living in them e.g. india/mumbai

where is rio de janeiro located

south east coast of Brazil in South America

why is Rio de janeiro important regionally

* provides schools, hospitals and universities
* important for art and culture scene
* provides empolyment, leasuire and recreation

why is rio de janeiro important nationally

* a major trading port for imports and exports including coffee, suhar and iron ore
* many businesses have their hq there and is a major economic hub

why is rio de janeiro important internationally

* tourist destination - one of most visited cities in northern hemisphere
* major attractions include the beaches, landmarks, festivals and architecture
* hosted 2016 Olympics and 2014 world cup

is rio de janeiro an HIC, LIC or NEE

NEE - newly emerging economy

why has rio de janeiro experienced rapid growth

because of **rural to urban migration**. Huge numbers of people have **moved from countryside areas into the city**, mainly in search of **jobs**. This has put a great deal of pressure on services and facilities

how does rio de janeiro provide social oppertunities

* young people have the chance to go to school and university
* 95% of population have access to water mains
* power supplies have improved as the cities grown

how does rio de janeiro provide economic oppertunities

* people can get jobs in rios iductrys such as oil refinign, shopping and torism
* 6% of all employment in brazil is from rio

what are flavellas and why are they a problem

* **flavelas** - slumbs in rio where theres **informal housing**
*   **crowding**, unsanitary conditions, poor nutrition and pollution
* on areas of land that are undesirable to live on so are **prone to landslides and flooding**

what are the problems in rio with access to services (water, sanitation, enery) due to urbanisation

* rapid rate of urbanisation in poorer countries means that their **governments don’t have the time (and sometimes they don’t have the money) to provide houses, drainage, clean water** etc.
* poor **sanitation** (drains and sewers) means sewage runs down the streets and pollutes the water supply leading to **diseases** – these **spread quickly** due to the **overcrowding**.
* In Rio, 12% of homes have no access to running water.
* 50% of homes in some favelas have **no sewage connection** and this leads to **health issues** e.g. infant mortality rates in some favelas are high

what unemployment and crime problems are there in rio caused by urbanisation

* unemployment rates high
* **high crime rates** and **gang involvement** so many residents of favelas are **distrustful of the police**.
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what challenges are there to do with providing access to surveces

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* **Education levels** in the slums are **lower** **than** the rest of **Rio** - about 25% of the poorest children don’t attend school and 16% of the favela population are illiterate.
* Providing healthcare in the slums can be a challenge with only 55% of Rio’s population having a local clinic
* life expectancy is only 48

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what problems are there in rio with enviromentak challenges

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* **Waste disposal** can be a **problem** because the **streets** and alleyways are **narrow** as a result of the unplanned nature of the buildings.
* This means that **waste builds up** which increases the **risk of diseases** spreading quickly
* **Traffic congestion** across the city causes **Air pollution** and because theres so mny people there are regular traffic jams.
* **Water pollution** is a problem where there are **no sewers**. People sometimes **dispose** of their rubbish and human waste in the **streets** which **contaminates water supplies**

whats an urban planning scheme

aims to bring about long term change and improvement to an urban environment.

whats an example of an urban planning scheme in rio de janeiro

The **Favela Bairro Project** began in Rio de Janeiro in 1994 and ran until 2008. It **aimed to recognise the favelas as neighbourhoods of the city** in their own right and **provide the inhabitants with essential services.**

what are some things the flavella bairro project did in rio

* streets tidied up and made more appealing to live in
* new sewage canals created
* cable car system made so connecting flavelas to richer parts of the city so people can access jobs more easilt
* adult education and training schemes for adult provides them with skills they need for jobs

what is the population distribution like in the uk

uneven as the change in the height if the land effects where people live

what are 3 of the most major cities in the uk

* London
* Manchester
* Birmingham

where is London

london is in the south east of the uk

what is the importance of London to the UK

* tourist attraction which brings in billions of pounds
* generates 22% of uks income
* home to uk government
* home of major uk businesses headquarters e.g. bt and Vodafone

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whats the importance of uk internationally

* has the second best global air connections in the world after Dubai
* has many universities were international students come to study

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how does **national** migration affect london

* Created lots of **student accommodation** in some areas, attracting services and facilities aimed at a younger population (clubs, take-aways, pubs, restaurants etc.).
* Led to the growth of **large housing estates** in the suburbs which lack character.
* **Suburbanisation** has led to **dereliction** in the inner city areas, leading to **higher crime rates**.

whats sub urbanisation

Suburbanization is when people and businesses move from cities to the outskirts, creating suburban communities. This happens because it's more affordable, offers a better quality of life, and access to bigger homes and green spaces.

how has international migration effected London

* Led to many different **languages** being spoken in the capital. This is **challenging**, particularly **for services** like schools, doctors, hospitals and the police.
* Increased **racial and ethnic tension** between groups and led to London being a **target for terrorist attacks.**

what are some social and economic opportunities created by growth in London

* cultural mix
* recreation and entertainment
* employment
* integrated transport systems.

what is a cultural mix

a country or place that has more than one culture living together in close proximity.

how is a cultural mix a social opportunity for london

* makes London more cultural with its food and music
* exposure people get to other religions, languages and cultural events such as notting hill carnival

how is recreation and entertainment an social opportunity for london

* A social opportunity of living in London is access to a wide range of recreation and entertainment such as the west end and covent garden

how is employment an economic opportunity for london

* amount and variety of employment - main sector of business is finance and business

what are integrated transport systems

 Integrated transport means that all of the different forms of transport can link to one another e.g. with an oyster card which makes it easier to use and encouraging people to use public transport

what is urban greening

to increase the amount and proportion of green spaces within a city

what are some ways of urban greening in london

* living walls and roofs
* allotments
* parks and gardens

what are some social and economic challenged created by urban change in london

* urban deprivation,
* inequalities in housing, education, health and employment

what are some environmental challenges created bu urban growth in London

* dereliction
* building on brownfield and greenfield sites
* waste disposal

whats urban deprevation

means people in cities not having access to the same resources, services and opportunities as others

how is urban deprivation a social and economic challenge

because people have poor housing, low incomes, few qualifications and higher rates of unemployment

what evidence is there of deprivation in london

* %%kensington+ chelsea%% and ^^newham^^
* life expectancy : %%85%% - ^^77^^
* ^^higher rates on unemployment^^
* ^^lower houshold income^^

what is dereliction

dereliction happens when buildings slip into disuse - because the owners have dies or a business has shut or gone bust

why is dereliction an environmental problem

the ground can be contaminated, and the buildings look unattractive and can be unsade

what are greenfield sites

Land that has not been built on before, usually in the countryside on the edge of the built-up area.

what are brownfiels sites

area of land that has previously been used but is now vacant, derelict or contaminated

what are some %%positive%% and ==negatives== of greenfield sites

%%positives%% :

* Greenfield sites are often on the edge of towns and cities and may have **better access**, have **less congestion**, be in a **more pleasant environment** and have **more space and room to expand**.
* easier to build on

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==negatives== :

* Using greenfield sites is **not sustainable** - there is too much pressure on the rural-urban fringe
*  **new drainage, electricity, roads etc. would all have to be built**.

what are some %%positive%% and ==negatives== of brownfield sites

%%positives%% :

* **eases pressure** on greenfield sites and is more sustainable
* cheaper land and easier to get planning permission on

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==negatives== :

* There is an issue of **contamination** and making sites safe for development
* **House prices would increase** in inner city areas as people are encouraged back to the area.

how is waste disposal an environmental problem in london and how do they deal with it

* as citys population increases **more people are producing** waste but there less space to store it
* london uses a mixture of **reycling, landfill and energy recovery** (the waste is burnt to produce electricity) to deal with this waste

what is an urban sprawl

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Urban sprawl is the unplanned expansion of an urban area into the land that surrounds the city where there is more space for housing which is lower density.

whats a rural - urban fringe

an area of transition where urban and land uses mix

what is a commuter settlements

places in rural-urban fringe where the majority if the population leaves the town each day to work elsewhere

whats an example of a London regeneration project

London Olympic Site in stratford

why was the london olympic park in need of regeneration

* a lot of **abandoned old industrial sites**
* l**ow achievement at schoo**l in  terms of GCSE points score -
* industrial wasteland
* higher than average **unemployment** than the rest of London
* higher **deprivation and poverty** for the people that lived there

what were the main features of the regeneration of the London Olympic Park?

==social :==

* new affordable **homes** built
* a new **academy** built with room for 2,000 students

^^economic:^^

* Stratford got a **Tube station** to help connect the area to the rest of London
* now a well-connected area of London, which allows **commuters** to travel to work easily

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%%enviromental%% :

* The Olympic Site was **built** largely on **brownfield land**, property that had been neglected, unused, and contaminated.
* New green spaces and wildlife habitats were created, including ponds and woodlands

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What is urban regeneration?

The investment in the revival of old, urban areas by either improving what is there or clearing it away and rebuilding.

what is sustainable living

living in a way that lets people meet their needs now, without reducing the ability of people to meet their needs in the future

how can citys conserve water using water conservation schemes

* only as much water should be taken from the environment as can be **naturally replaced**
* collect **rainwater** to use on gardens/flushing toilets
* installing **toilets** that flush **less water**
* encouraging **people** to use less water e.g. by **turning off taps**

how can cities conserve energy using energy conservation schemes

energy conservation schemes reduce use of non renewable f**ossil fuels** by :

* promoting **renewable** energy over **coal** or **gas** fired power stations
* encouraging people to make the homes more **energy efficient** e.g. solar panels/ changing windows + doors
* encouraging **people** to reduce car usage e.g by using **public transport**

how does traffic congestion cause problems for urban areas

%%enviromental:%%

* traffic increases **air pollution** and release of **greenhouse gases** contributes to **climate change**

^^economic :^^
* congestion can make people **late** for work and **delay** deliveries causing companies to **lose money**

==social :==
* higher chance of **accidents** and can **delay** emergency vehicles

how does london reduce traffic flow

* **park and ride schemes** – people park in car parks on the edge of a settlement and catch public transport into the centre
* **congestion charging schemes**- aim to reduce vehicle use by charging users to pay for entering or travelling in a particular zone
* **bus priority lanes** - stop busses being held up in traffic making them more attractive than driving