Studied by 39 people
includes case studies of rio and london
more economically developed like uk/japan
slowed growth (some places reversed)
less economically developed like ethiopia/Afghanistan
30% of people live in urban areras
rapid growth
economic developmetn increasing rapidly like brazil/china
urban population 50%
some are devleoping, some are not
reasons which encourage people to leave the area
natural disasters
unemployment/low wages
poor living conditons
reasons which encourage people to move to an area
more jobs which are better payed
better healthcare/ education
less chance of natural disasters
young people go to cities to find work
these people then have children increasing smount of people living in urban areas
provides schools, hospitals and universities
important for art and culture scene
provides empolyment, leasuire and recreation
a major trading port for imports and exports including coffee, suhar and iron ore
many businesses have their hq there and is a major economic hub
tourist destination - one of most visited cities in northern hemisphere
major attractions include the beaches, landmarks, festivals and architecture
hosted 2016 Olympics and 2014 world cup
young people have the chance to go to school and university
95% of population have access to water mains
power supplies have improved as the cities grown
people can get jobs in rios iductrys such as oil refinign, shopping and torism
6% of all employment in brazil is from rio
flavelas - slumbs in rio where theres informal housing
crowding, unsanitary conditions, poor nutrition and pollution
on areas of land that are undesirable to live on so are prone to landslides and flooding
rapid rate of urbanisation in poorer countries means that their governments don’t have the time (and sometimes they don’t have the money) to provide houses, drainage, clean water etc.
poor sanitation (drains and sewers) means sewage runs down the streets and pollutes the water supply leading to diseases – these spread quickly due to the overcrowding.
In Rio, 12% of homes have no access to running water.
50% of homes in some favelas have no sewage connection and this leads to health issues e.g. infant mortality rates in some favelas are high
unemployment rates high
high crime rates and gang involvement so many residents of favelas are distrustful of the police.
Education levels in the slums are lower than the rest of Rio - about 25% of the poorest children don’t attend school and 16% of the favela population are illiterate.
Providing healthcare in the slums can be a challenge with only 55% of Rio’s population having a local clinic
life expectancy is only 48
Waste disposal can be a problem because the streets and alleyways are narrow as a result of the unplanned nature of the buildings.
This means that waste builds up which increases the risk of diseases spreading quickly
Traffic congestion across the city causes Air pollution and because theres so mny people there are regular traffic jams.
Water pollution is a problem where there are no sewers. People sometimes dispose of their rubbish and human waste in the streets which contaminates water supplies
streets tidied up and made more appealing to live in
new sewage canals created
cable car system made so connecting flavelas to richer parts of the city so people can access jobs more easilt
adult education and training schemes for adult provides them with skills they need for jobs
London
Manchester
Birmingham
tourist attraction which brings in billions of pounds
generates 22% of uks income
home to uk government
home of major uk businesses headquarters e.g. bt and Vodafone
has the second best global air connections in the world after Dubai
has many universities were international students come to study
Created lots of student accommodation in some areas, attracting services and facilities aimed at a younger population (clubs, take-aways, pubs, restaurants etc.).
Led to the growth of large housing estates in the suburbs which lack character.
Suburbanisation has led to dereliction in the inner city areas, leading to higher crime rates.
Led to many different languages being spoken in the capital. This is challenging, particularly for services like schools, doctors, hospitals and the police.
Increased racial and ethnic tension between groups and led to London being a target for terrorist attacks.
cultural mix
recreation and entertainment
employment
integrated transport systems.
makes London more cultural with its food and music
exposure people get to other religions, languages and cultural events such as notting hill carnival
living walls and roofs
allotments
parks and gardens
urban deprivation,
inequalities in housing, education, health and employment
dereliction
building on brownfield and greenfield sites
waste disposal
kensington+ chelsea and newham
life expectancy : 85 - 77
higher rates on unemployment
lower houshold income
positives :
Greenfield sites are often on the edge of towns and cities and may have better access, have less congestion, be in a more pleasant environment and have more space and room to expand.
easier to build on
negatives :
Using greenfield sites is not sustainable - there is too much pressure on the rural-urban fringe
new drainage, electricity, roads etc. would all have to be built.
positives :
eases pressure on greenfield sites and is more sustainable
cheaper land and easier to get planning permission on
negatives :
There is an issue of contamination and making sites safe for development
House prices would increase in inner city areas as people are encouraged back to the area.
as citys population increases more people are producing waste but there less space to store it
london uses a mixture of reycling, landfill and energy recovery (the waste is burnt to produce electricity) to deal with this waste
a lot of abandoned old industrial sites
low achievement at school in terms of GCSE points score -
industrial wasteland
higher than average unemployment than the rest of London
higher deprivation and poverty for the people that lived there
social :
new affordable homes built
a new academy built with room for 2,000 students
economic:
Stratford got a Tube station to help connect the area to the rest of London
now a well-connected area of London, which allows commuters to travel to work easily
enviromental :
The Olympic Site was built largely on brownfield land, property that had been neglected, unused, and contaminated.
New green spaces and wildlife habitats were created, including ponds and woodlands
only as much water should be taken from the environment as can be naturally replaced
collect rainwater to use on gardens/flushing toilets
installing toilets that flush less water
encouraging people to use less water e.g. by turning off taps
energy conservation schemes reduce use of non renewable fossil fuels by :
promoting renewable energy over coal or gas fired power stations
encouraging people to make the homes more energy efficient e.g. solar panels/ changing windows + doors
encouraging people to reduce car usage e.g by using public transport
enviromental:
traffic increases air pollution and release of greenhouse gases contributes to climate change
economic :
congestion can make people late for work and delay deliveries causing companies to lose money
social :
higher chance of accidents and can delay emergency vehicles
park and ride schemes – people park in car parks on the edge of a settlement and catch public transport into the centre
congestion charging schemes- aim to reduce vehicle use by charging users to pay for entering or travelling in a particular zone
bus priority lanes - stop busses being held up in traffic making them more attractive than driving
