Studied by 22 peopleincludes case studies of rio and london
what is urbanisation
the increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas
whats an urban area
a built-up area such as a town or city
what are the urban trends in HICs
more economically developed like uk/japan
slowed growth (some places reversed)
what are the urban trends in LICs
less economically developed like ethiopia/Afghanistan
30% of people live in urban areras
rapid growth
what are the urabn trends in NEEs
economic developmetn increasing rapidly like brazil/china
urban population 50%
some are devleoping, some are not
whats rural to urban migration
the movement of people from countrysides to cities
what are push factors and what are some examples of them
reasons which encourage people to leave the area
natural disasters
unemployment/low wages
poor living conditons
what are pull factors and what are some examples of them
reasons which encourage people to move to an area
more jobs which are better payed
better healthcare/ education
less chance of natural disasters
what are 2 of the main reasons for urbanisation
natural increase and rural to urban migration
what is natural increase
when the birth rate exceeds the death rate
how does natural increase increase urbanisation
young people go to cities to find work
these people then have children increasing smount of people living in urban areas
whats a megacicty
urban areas with more than 10 million people living in them e.g. india/mumbai
where is rio de janeiro located
south east coast of Brazil in South America
why is Rio de janeiro important regionally
provides schools, hospitals and universities
important for art and culture scene
provides empolyment, leasuire and recreation
why is rio de janeiro important nationally
a major trading port for imports and exports including coffee, suhar and iron ore
many businesses have their hq there and is a major economic hub
why is rio de janeiro important internationally
tourist destination - one of most visited cities in northern hemisphere
major attractions include the beaches, landmarks, festivals and architecture
hosted 2016 Olympics and 2014 world cup
is rio de janeiro an HIC, LIC or NEE
NEE - newly emerging economy
why has rio de janeiro experienced rapid growth
because of rural to urban migration. Huge numbers of people have moved from countryside areas into the city, mainly in search of jobs. This has put a great deal of pressure on services and facilities
how does rio de janeiro provide social oppertunities
young people have the chance to go to school and university
95% of population have access to water mains
power supplies have improved as the cities grown
how does rio de janeiro provide economic oppertunities
people can get jobs in rios iductrys such as oil refinign, shopping and torism
6% of all employment in brazil is from rio
what are flavellas and why are they a problem
flavelas - slumbs in rio where theres informal housing
crowding, unsanitary conditions, poor nutrition and pollution
on areas of land that are undesirable to live on so are prone to landslides and flooding
what are the problems in rio with access to services (water, sanitation, enery) due to urbanisation
rapid rate of urbanisation in poorer countries means that their governments don’t have the time (and sometimes they don’t have the money) to provide houses, drainage, clean water etc.
poor sanitation (drains and sewers) means sewage runs down the streets and pollutes the water supply leading to diseases – these spread quickly due to the overcrowding.
In Rio, 12% of homes have no access to running water.
50% of homes in some favelas have no sewage connection and this leads to health issues e.g. infant mortality rates in some favelas are high
what unemployment and crime problems are there in rio caused by urbanisation
unemployment rates high
high crime rates and gang involvement so many residents of favelas are distrustful of the police.
what challenges are there to do with providing access to surveces
Education levels in the slums are lower than the rest of Rio - about 25% of the poorest children don’t attend school and 16% of the favela population are illiterate.
Providing healthcare in the slums can be a challenge with only 55% of Rio’s population having a local clinic
life expectancy is only 48
what problems are there in rio with enviromentak challenges
Waste disposal can be a problem because the streets and alleyways are narrow as a result of the unplanned nature of the buildings.
This means that waste builds up which increases the risk of diseases spreading quickly
Traffic congestion across the city causes Air pollution and because theres so mny people there are regular traffic jams.
Water pollution is a problem where there are no sewers. People sometimes dispose of their rubbish and human waste in the streets which contaminates water supplies
whats an urban planning scheme
aims to bring about long term change and improvement to an urban environment.
whats an example of an urban planning scheme in rio de janeiro
The Favela Bairro Project began in Rio de Janeiro in 1994 and ran until 2008. It aimed to recognise the favelas as neighbourhoods of the city in their own right and provide the inhabitants with essential services.
what are some things the flavella bairro project did in rio
streets tidied up and made more appealing to live in
new sewage canals created
cable car system made so connecting flavelas to richer parts of the city so people can access jobs more easilt
adult education and training schemes for adult provides them with skills they need for jobs
what is the population distribution like in the uk
uneven as the change in the height if the land effects where people live
what are 3 of the most major cities in the uk
London
Manchester
Birmingham
where is London
london is in the south east of the uk
what is the importance of London to the UK
tourist attraction which brings in billions of pounds
generates 22% of uks income
home to uk government
home of major uk businesses headquarters e.g. bt and Vodafone
whats the importance of uk internationally
has the second best global air connections in the world after Dubai
has many universities were international students come to study
how does national migration affect london
Created lots of student accommodation in some areas, attracting services and facilities aimed at a younger population (clubs, take-aways, pubs, restaurants etc.).
Led to the growth of large housing estates in the suburbs which lack character.
Suburbanisation has led to dereliction in the inner city areas, leading to higher crime rates.
whats sub urbanisation
Suburbanization is when people and businesses move from cities to the outskirts, creating suburban communities. This happens because it's more affordable, offers a better quality of life, and access to bigger homes and green spaces.
how has international migration effected London
Led to many different languages being spoken in the capital. This is challenging, particularly for services like schools, doctors, hospitals and the police.
Increased racial and ethnic tension between groups and led to London being a target for terrorist attacks.
what are some social and economic opportunities created by growth in London
cultural mix
recreation and entertainment
employment
integrated transport systems.
what is a cultural mix
a country or place that has more than one culture living together in close proximity.
how is a cultural mix a social opportunity for london
makes London more cultural with its food and music
exposure people get to other religions, languages and cultural events such as notting hill carnival
how is recreation and entertainment an social opportunity for london
A social opportunity of living in London is access to a wide range of recreation and entertainment such as the west end and covent garden
how is employment an economic opportunity for london
amount and variety of employment - main sector of business is finance and business
what are integrated transport systems
Integrated transport means that all of the different forms of transport can link to one another e.g. with an oyster card which makes it easier to use and encouraging people to use public transport
what is urban greening
to increase the amount and proportion of green spaces within a city
what are some ways of urban greening in london
living walls and roofs
allotments
parks and gardens
what are some social and economic challenged created by urban change in london
urban deprivation,
inequalities in housing, education, health and employment
what are some environmental challenges created bu urban growth in London
dereliction
building on brownfield and greenfield sites
waste disposal
whats urban deprevation
means people in cities not having access to the same resources, services and opportunities as others
how is urban deprivation a social and economic challenge
because people have poor housing, low incomes, few qualifications and higher rates of unemployment
what evidence is there of deprivation in london
kensington+ chelsea and newham
life expectancy : 85 - 77
higher rates on unemployment
lower houshold income
what is dereliction
dereliction happens when buildings slip into disuse - because the owners have dies or a business has shut or gone bust
why is dereliction an environmental problem
the ground can be contaminated, and the buildings look unattractive and can be unsade
what are greenfield sites
Land that has not been built on before, usually in the countryside on the edge of the built-up area.
what are brownfiels sites
area of land that has previously been used but is now vacant, derelict or contaminated
what are some positive and negatives of greenfield sites
positives :
Greenfield sites are often on the edge of towns and cities and may have better access, have less congestion, be in a more pleasant environment and have more space and room to expand.
easier to build on
negatives :
Using greenfield sites is not sustainable - there is too much pressure on the rural-urban fringe
new drainage, electricity, roads etc. would all have to be built.
what are some positive and negatives of brownfield sites
positives :
eases pressure on greenfield sites and is more sustainable
cheaper land and easier to get planning permission on
negatives :
There is an issue of contamination and making sites safe for development
House prices would increase in inner city areas as people are encouraged back to the area.
how is waste disposal an environmental problem in london and how do they deal with it
as citys population increases more people are producing waste but there less space to store it
london uses a mixture of reycling, landfill and energy recovery (the waste is burnt to produce electricity) to deal with this waste
what is an urban sprawl
Urban sprawl is the unplanned expansion of an urban area into the land that surrounds the city where there is more space for housing which is lower density.
whats a rural - urban fringe
an area of transition where urban and land uses mix
what is a commuter settlements
places in rural-urban fringe where the majority if the population leaves the town each day to work elsewhere
whats an example of a London regeneration project
London Olympic Site in stratford
why was the london olympic park in need of regeneration
a lot of abandoned old industrial sites
low achievement at school in terms of GCSE points score -
industrial wasteland
higher than average unemployment than the rest of London
higher deprivation and poverty for the people that lived there
what were the main features of the regeneration of the London Olympic Park?
social :
new affordable homes built
a new academy built with room for 2,000 students
economic:
Stratford got a Tube station to help connect the area to the rest of London
now a well-connected area of London, which allows commuters to travel to work easily
enviromental :
The Olympic Site was built largely on brownfield land, property that had been neglected, unused, and contaminated.
New green spaces and wildlife habitats were created, including ponds and woodlands
What is urban regeneration?
The investment in the revival of old, urban areas by either improving what is there or clearing it away and rebuilding.
what is sustainable living
living in a way that lets people meet their needs now, without reducing the ability of people to meet their needs in the future
how can citys conserve water using water conservation schemes
only as much water should be taken from the environment as can be naturally replaced
collect rainwater to use on gardens/flushing toilets
installing toilets that flush less water
encouraging people to use less water e.g. by turning off taps
how can cities conserve energy using energy conservation schemes
energy conservation schemes reduce use of non renewable fossil fuels by :
promoting renewable energy over coal or gas fired power stations
encouraging people to make the homes more energy efficient e.g. solar panels/ changing windows + doors
encouraging people to reduce car usage e.g by using public transport
how does traffic congestion cause problems for urban areas
enviromental:
traffic increases air pollution and release of greenhouse gases contributes to climate change
economic :
congestion can make people late for work and delay deliveries causing companies to lose money
social :
higher chance of accidents and can delay emergency vehicles
how does london reduce traffic flow
park and ride schemes – people park in car parks on the edge of a settlement and catch public transport into the centre
congestion charging schemes- aim to reduce vehicle use by charging users to pay for entering or travelling in a particular zone
bus priority lanes - stop busses being held up in traffic making them more attractive than driving
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