APUSH - Period 4 SFI Terms for SAQ Test

midnight appointments

federalists’ last attempt to secure the judicial branch before the presidency shifted to the republican party

Marbury v. Madison

Marbury’s midnight appointment was blocked by Madison, so Marbury sued. SCOTUS ruled in favor of Marbury, giving judicial review to the federal level against Madison’s wishes.

Chesapeake/Leopard Incident

USS Chesapeake was attacked and impressed by HMS Leo, an event building up to the War of 1812

Embargo Act 1807

Jefferson’s response to the Chesapeake/Leopard incident via executive order. This ceased all US imports and exports in order to obtain official recognition of American neutrality. It lead to a 2 year depression and sparked American manufacturing to replace British goods. Jefferson used a broad view of the Constitution in order to enact this act; he assumed that since Congress can regulate trade, it can prohibit it. This act was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act 1809, reopening trade for all but Britain and France.

war hawks

Republican nationalists that pressured Madison into waging war with Great Britain

Battle of Tippecanoe 1811

A battle in the build up to the War of 1812 in which William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh’s confederation

Macon’s Bill No. 2 1810

Offered to reopen trade to whichever of the 2 belligerent nations officially respected neutral rights in return for an embargo on the other. Napoleon accepted and the US embargoed Britain. Britain tried to change its position but the US declared war in 1812 before parliament could act.

War of 1812

Caused by the US’s defense of neutral rights, British impressment, the Chesapeake/Leopard incident, and the desire to annex Canada to stop Britain from supplying natives with weapons. No federalists wanted this war. The war won the US’s economic independence and ignighted nationalism.

Treaty of Ghent 1814

Primarily ended fighting in the War of 1812

Protective Tariff 1816

Meant to protect US manufacturers from foreign competition. The south disapproved of this tariff because it relied on British goods and it didn’t want further use of implied powers to lead to the abolishment of slavery.

McCulloch v. Maryland 1819

Maryland tried to tax the bus but SCOTUS ruled that no state can tax a federal agency, therefore determining that the BUS was in fact Constitutional

Dartmouth v. Woodward 1819

New Hampshire wanted Dartmouth to become a public school but SCOTUS ruled that states cannot violate a contract without cause

Hartford Convention 1814

Federalist radicals demanded amendments to limit the power of southern republicans and threatened secession if their demands weren’t met. This was the first secession threat in US history.

era of good feelings

A period between the end of the War of 1812 and the 1830s in which all Americans were “republican” and the country was not divided by a 2-party system. This system was the founding fathers’ ideal for the country and it sparked strong nationalism.

Cult of Domesticity

A belief that women were “pure” and to be the “keepers of society’s conscious.” Women were not allowed to be “corrupted” by work and instead were confined to housework.

Rush-Bagot Agreement 1817

The US and Britain demilitarized the Great Lakes, helping to establish an unfortified border between the US and British Canada

Convention of 1818

The boundary of Canada was established at the 49th parallel and the US and Britain agreed to joint occupation of Oregon to share the fur trade

Adams-Onís Treaty

The US bought Florida from Spain for $5 million after Andrew Jackson claimed the panhandle and forced Spain to negotiate

Monroe Doctrine

Declared the west hemisphere closed to European colonization, reinforced US isolation, and showed the US’s respect for its new neighbors’ sovereignty

Panic of 1819

Overspeculation of land sales in the west caused the BUS to crumble. This panic most impacted the west and the south and the newfound distrust in the government threatened nationalism.

Public Land Act 1820

Removed the land requirement for voting, lessening the appeal for white men to buy land in the west. This upset both the north and south for different reasons; the south was worried the government would rely too much on the Protective Tariff for revenue and the north was worried that it would lose its population and therefore its labor force and House representation

Missouri Crisis 1819

Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state but there was no qualifying free state to balance the country. Congress debated Missouri’s application with threats of sectionalism until Henry Clay constructed the Missouri Compromise. Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine was admitted as a free state despite Maine not filling the requirements of the Land Ordinance of 1787. The compromise also dictated that the remaining Louisiana territory above Missouri’s southern border was forever forbidden to slavery. This compromise was only temporary seeing as new free states would eventually form and again disrupt the balance.

Henry Clay’s American System

Henry Clay proposed to build economic self-sufficiency with a 2nd BUS, protective tariffs, and federally paid internal improvements. However, this only led to the northeast connecting to the northwest.

Tariff of Abominations 1828

A protective tariff was given this name after it raised rates. Southern states, particularly South Carolina, rejected this tariff because it benefited the wealthy and hurt the farmers. A sectional conflict erupted over whether federal or state government can decided Constitutionality despite Marshall’s ruling in Marbury v. Madison. Vice President Calhoun argued in favor of the states and called to nullify the tariff, anonymously writing so The South Carolina Exposition and Protest in 1828.

Nullification Crisis

The Tariff of 1832 attempted to lower rates after the Tariff of Abominations but it raised them instead. South Carolina nullified both, so Congress passed the Force Bill so President Jackson could use military force. The Compromise Tariff of 1833 lowered rates and temporarily solved the crisis, but the problem of judicial review remained unsettled.

Nativism

Anti-immigrant and anti-catholic groups began to form in response to the influx of Irish and German immigrants. Violence and bigotry became more acceptable and groups such as the know-nothings formed. The know-nothings eventually became a public 3rd party.

Spoils System

Jackson’s replacement of old office holders such as civil servants with his supporters, which had the potential of corruption since the appointments weren’t merit-based

Worcester v. Georgia

Marshall ruled that the Cherokee had a valid contract to remain in Georgia. Despite this ruling, Jackson used his federal authority to remove the Cherokee from Georgia by using the Trail of Tears

The Bank War

In the 1832 election, Clay pushed for a recharter of the BUS 4 years early and was approved by Congress. He hoped that Jackson’s decision on the matter would upset enough of his voters that he would lose the election and Clay would become president through a House tiebreaker; the southwest would be upset if Jackson accepted the recharter and the northeast would be upset if Jackson declined the recharter. However, Clay severely underestimated Jackson’s popularity, and Jackson vetoed the recharter and was easily reelected. Jackson began drawing government money from the BUS and deposited it in “pet” or state banks. The banks that did not receive money were left unable to pay loans, and a panic ensued.

Panic of 1837

Nicholas Biddle, the BUS president, began calling in loans. Jackson issued the Specie Circular 1837 so that all western land sales were executed with gold and silver, disabling his beloved “common men” from buying land. Overspeculation in western land sales caused a panic, but Jackson’s presidency concluded before the panic and the next president, Martin van Buren, was blamed instead.