Q2 Final AP Geo

What does folk culture mean?

Small, homogeneous groups; usually rural; traditions passed down; slow to change and resistant to outside influence

What does popular (pop) culture mean?

Large, heterogeneous populations; usually urban; widespread; changes rapidly and spreads through media

What is a habit?

A repetitive act performed by an individual

What is a custom?

A habit practiced by a group and passed down over time

Where does culture originate?

In cultural hearths, where traditions and ideas begin and spread outward

How do folk culture hearths differ from pop culture hearths?

Folk hearths are isolated and rural; pop culture hearths are urban, connected, and global

How does folk culture diffuse?

Slowly and over short distances, mainly through relocation diffusion

How does popular culture diffuse?

Rapidly and widely, mainly through hierarchical diffusion

How is popular culture distributed?

Widely and relatively uniformly, especially in MDCs

How are folk songs different from pop songs?

Folk songs are anonymous and passed orally; pop songs have known artists and are mass-produced

What are the three basic necessities included in material culture?

Food, clothing, and shelter

Why are jeans important in popular culture?

They symbolize globalization and the spread of American culture

What is a taboo?

A cultural practice that is forbidden or avoided

What food is taboo in Hebrew culture?

Pork

What food is taboo in Muslim culture?

Pork

What food is taboo in Hindu culture?

Beef

How does popular culture spread around the world?

Primarily through electronic media

What is the world’s most important electronic media format?

The Internet

How does electronic media affect folk culture?

It can weaken, replace, or commercialize traditional practices

What is the threat of foreign media influence?

Cultural imperialism and loss of local identity

Which countries control most global media?

More developed countries (MDCs)

How did social media affect Egypt, Libya, and other Arab Spring countries?

It helped organize protests and challenge authoritarian governments

What is an ethnic enclave?

An urban area with a high concentration of people from one ethnicity

What issue exists with bride dowries in India?

They create economic burdens and reinforce gender inequality

What are two negative environmental impacts of popular culture?

Increased waste and resource depletion

What is a uniform landscape?

Places around the world looking similar due to global businesses

Why are fast food restaurants an example of pop culture diffusion?

They spread globally through franchises and standardization

What does race mean?

A classification based on physical characteristics that is socially constructed

What does ethnicity mean?

A group of people sharing culture, language, religion, or ancestry

What is racism?

The belief that one race is superior to others

What is the difference between African American and Black?

African American refers to ethnicity; Black refers to race

Why are African Americans and Hispanics concentrated in urban areas?

Historical migration patterns, job availability, and discrimination

What was the Great Migration?

The interregional migration of African Americans from the South to the North and West

What is intraregional migration of African Americans?

Movement within the South

What is white flight?

The movement of white residents from cities to suburbs

What is blockbusting?

A real estate practice that caused racial turnover by exploiting racial fears

What was Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)?

A Supreme Court case that upheld segregation under “separate but equal”

What were Jim Crow laws?

State and local laws that enforced racial segregation

What was Brown v. Board of Education (1954)?

A Supreme Court case that declared school segregation unconstitutional

What was apartheid?

A system of racial segregation in South Africa

What does nationality mean?

A person’s identity tied to a nation-state

What is nationalism?

Strong loyalty and pride in one’s nation that acts as a centripetal force

What is language?

A system of communication using sounds or symbols

What is a literary tradition?

A written language

What is an official language?

A language recognized and used by a government

How many languages exist in the world today?

About 7,000

What is a language family?

A group of related languages with a common origin

What is a language branch?

A subdivision of a language family

What is a language group?

Languages with a common origin within a branch

Which two language families are spoken by two-thirds of the world’s population?

Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan

What language family does English belong to?

Indo-European

What language branch does English belong to?

Germanic

What language group does English belong to?

West Germanic

What is the most widely used language family in the world?

Indo-European

What are logograms (ideograms)?

Written symbols that represent words or ideas, such as Chinese characters

What are Romance languages and where did they originate?

Languages derived from Latin

What are the four major Romance languages?

Spanish, French, Italian, and Portuguese

What two invasions helped shape the English language?

Germanic invasions and the Norman invasion

Why is English spoken around the world today?

Because of British colonialism and U.S. global influence

When did English diffuse to North America?

In the early 1600s

What are the two hypotheses for the origin of Indo-European languages?

The Nomadic Warrior hypothesis and the Sedentary Farmer hypothesis

What is a dialect?

A regional variation of a language

What are three ways English differs between the U.S. and England?

Spelling, vocabulary, and pronunciation

How did Spanish and Portuguese spread throughout South America?

Through European colonialism

What is a creole language?

A fully developed language that originated from a pidgin

What language is the global lingua franca today?

English

Why is Basque considered an isolated language?

It is unrelated to any other known language family

What is an extinct language?

A language with no living speakers

How was Hebrew revived?

It was modernized and adopted as Israel’s official language

What is a lingua franca?

A common language used for communication between different groups

What is a pidgin language?

A simplified language used for trade with no native speakers

Does a pidgin language have native speakers?

No

What is the language issue in Quebec?

French is protected from English influence

Why are Belgium and Switzerland considered multilingual states?

They recognize and use multiple official languages.

What is sovereignty?

The ability of a state to govern itself without outside interference

What is the largest state in the world by land area?

Russia

What is a microstate?

A very small country in terms of population and land area

What is the smallest microstate recognized by the United Nations?

Monaco

What is the United Nations (UN)?

An international organization that promotes peace, security, and cooperation among countries

Why is the United Nations important?

It helps resolve conflicts, provides humanitarian aid, and promotes international cooperation

How many sovereign states existed in 1945?

About 50

How many sovereign states exist today (around 2023)?

About 193

Is Korea one country or two?

Two countries: North Korea and South Korea

What is the political issue between China and Taiwan?

China considers Taiwan part of its territory, while Taiwan operates as a separate government

What is the Fertile Crescent?

A region in Southwest Asia where early agriculture developed

Where is the Fertile Crescent located?

The Middle East, including parts of modern-day Iraq, Syria, Israel, and Turkey

What is a city-state?

A city that functions as an independent state

What is a nation-state?

A state whose territory corresponds with a single nation

What is self-determination?

The right of a people to choose their own political status and form their own government

What is a multi-ethnic state?

A state containing more than one ethnic group

What is an example of a multi-ethnic state?

The United States

What is a multinational state?

A state that contains two or more distinct nations

What is an example of a multinational state?

Russia

Why is Russia considered the largest multinational state?

It contains many different nations and ethnic groups within its borders

What is colonialism?

The control of one territory by another, usually for economic or political gain

What are three main reasons for colonialism?

Economic gain, political power, and religious or cultural influence

When did most African and Asian colonies gain independence?

Between the 1950s and 1970s

What is a boundary?

A line that marks the limits of a state’s territory

What are the two main types of boundaries?

Physical boundaries and cultural boundaries

What are physical boundaries?

Natural features that act as borders