Ap Euro unit 6 Vocab

Industrialization

the process by which an economy is transformed from primarily agricultural to one based on the manufacturing of goods.

Capital

wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available or contributed for a particular purpose such as starting a company or investing.

Capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Patent

licenses issued by the government that allow inventors to control and sell the rights to their inventions for a period of time. 

Entrepreneur

a person who finds new business opportunities and new ways to make profits.

Corn Laws

laws in Britain that placed a high tariff on imported grains, which kept the price of wheat high.

Tariff

a tax on imported goods. 

Free Trade

a policy of few restrictions or taxes on trade. 

Second Industrial Revolution

from 1870 to 1914, a dramatic expansion of manufacturing, transportation, and trade in Europe

Manchester capitalism

the idea that free trade could raise the standard of living of all workers

Long Depression

a worldwide recession from 1873 to 1879 that affected Western Europe and the U.S. in which the supply of money did not increase fast enough and led to a decrease in investment and high unemployment.

Protectionism

when governments implement high tariffs to protect their own industries. 

Monopoly

when one company limits or controls competition for a particular industry.

Zollverein Agreement

an agreement amongst several German states in 1834 that eliminated the customs or taxes paid on goods traded between them. This arrangement promoted German unity

National System

a set of ideas from German economist Friedrich List that argued for government involvement in economic growth, including tariffs and investments in education and infrastructure. 

Proletariat

working class.

Class identity

members of a social class were aware of which class they belonged to and consciously identified with that class and its interests.

Labor union

also known as a trade union, an organization of workers that can negotiate with employers to improve wages and working conditions.

Fraternal organizations

also known as brotherhoods, they are groups of people with common interests and ambitions

Philanthropic

seeking to promote the welfare of others by donating money to good causes.

Cult of domesticity

where the main goal of the wife and mother was to make the home a shelter for her husband and children as well as for herself.

Factory Act of 1833

in Britain it declared that no child under the age of 9 could be employed in a factory or mine.

Mines Act of 1842

no boy under the age of 10 could be employed in coal mines in Britain and women and girls were banned from working in mines entirely. 

Ten Hours Act of 1847

a bill that limited the number of hours that children between 13 and 18 and women could work to 10 hours a day on weekdays and 8 hours a day on weekends. Children under the age of 13 were banned from working. 

Concert of Europe

also known as the Congress System it was an informal agreement by leaders to restore legitimacy  and a balance of power to the continent based on the principles of 19th-century conservatism

Decemberists

a secret society of Russian officers who had served in the Napoleonic Wars and had been influenced by liberal ideals who tried to establish a representative government in Russia in 1825. 

Utilitarianism

the idea that any action is “right” that promotes happiness or well-being for all those affected. 

Chartism

in Britain, a working-class movement that campaigned for voting rights for all men regardless of wealth or property. 

Socialism

a political and economic system under which the means of production are owned or controlled by society and used for the public good.

Communism

- a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

Anarchism

the theory that all forms of government should be abolished.

Syndicalism

the idea from Georges Sorel, that once capitalism was overthrown that all property should be transferred to labor unions. The unions would then organize workers into small, self-supporting groups. 

Temperance movement

- an organized attempt to ban the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages.

Sunday School movement

founded in 1795, it provided basic education for working-class children. By 1850, more than 2 million children were enrolled in weekly Sunday school classes, most of which were taught by women. 

Abolitionism

A movement to end slavery

Interventionist

people in power began to make more rules for economies and societies.