Vocab

Analog information

Continuous data that can take any value within a range, such as sound waves, temperature, and light intensity.

Bit

The smallest unit of digital data, which can have a value of 0 or 1.

Byte

A group of 8 bits, commonly used as a unit of storage in digital systems. Represent a single character in text (such as a letter or number) or other small pieces of data.

PandA

Stands for 'Presence and Absence'; a binary system that represents data using two distinct states.

Metadata

Data that provides information about other data, helping to organize and manage it.

HTML

HyperText Markup Language. The standard language used to create and structure webpages.

Absolute Path

A complete and fixed file or URL location specifying the full directory structure.

Relative Path

A file or URL location specified in relation to the current directory.

RGB

A color model used in digital imaging where colors are created by combining red, green, and blue light.

Pixel

The smallest unit of a digital image or display, representing a single point of color.

Intensity

The strength or amount of light emitted or displayed in a pixel. Higher intensity values produce brighter images.

Brightness

how close to white the pixels are

Contrast

The difference between the darkest and brightest parts of an image.  Higher contrast makes details stand out more, while lower contrast makes an image appear washed out.

Frequency

The number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time.

Sample

A data point taken from an analog signal during digitization.

Sampling Rate

The number of samples taken per second when converting an analog signal to digital form.

Run-Length Encoding

A data compression method that replaces consecutive repeated values with a count and the repeated value. For example, AAAAABBB would be encoded as 5A3B.

Nyquist Rule

A principle stating that the sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency present to avoid aliasing.

Lossy Compression

A method of reducing file size by permanently removing some data. used in images (JPEG), audio (MP3), and video formats.

Lossless Compression

A method of reducing file size without losing any original data. some image formats (PNG, FLAC

Latency

The delay between input and output in a system. Measured in milliseconds.

Bandwidth

The maximum amount of data transmitted over a network connection in a given period. measured in bits per second (bps). Higher bandwidth allows for faster data transfer rates.  

CSS

A stylesheet language used to control the visual presentation of HTML elements.

CSS Property

A specific style rule applied to an HTML element.

CSS Value

The assigned setting for a CSS property.

CSS Selector

A pattern used to target HTML elements for styling.

Padding

The space between an element’s content and its border.

Table

An HTML structure used to display data in rows and columns.

Client

A device or application that requests and receives data from a server.

Server

A computer or system that provides resources or data to clients over a network.

Cookies

Small text files stored on a user's device by a web browser for tracking and personalization.

IP Address

A unique numerical identifier assigned to devices on a network.

Packet

A small unit of data transmitted over a network containing source and destination information.

TCP/IP Protocol

The fundamental set of rules governing data is transmitted and received across the internet.

WAN

A large network covering a broad geographical area.

LAN

A network connecting devices within a limited area.

Ethernet

A wired networking technology used to connect devices in a LAN.

Wireless Network

A network that connects devices without cables.

Router

A device that directs data packets between networks.

Modem

A device that converts digital data into signals for transmission.

ISP

Internet Service Provider. A company that provides internet access to users.

DNS

Domain Name System. A system that translates domain names into IP addresses.

Redundancy

The inclusion of extra components or paths in a system to ensure reliability.

Caching

The temporary storage of frequently accessed data to improve performance and reduce load times.

WWW

World Wide Web. The collection of interlinked websites accessed via the internet.

HTTP

HyperText Transfer Protocol. The protocol used for transmitting web pages over the internet.

URL

Uniform Resource Locator. The address of a web resource.

Search Engine

A web-based tool that indexes and retrieves information from the internet.

Web Crawler

An automated program used by search engines to scan and index web pages.

Boolean

A data type representing two values: true or false.

Logical Operators

Symbols or words used in Boolean logic.

SSL/TLS

Cryptographic protocols used to encrypt data for secure internet communication.

PageRank

An algorithm developed by Google to rank web pages based on relevance and link authority.

Algorithm

A step-by-step set of instructions for solving a problem.

Abstraction

The process of simplifying complex systems by focusing on essential details.

Program

A set of instructions written in a programming language that a computer can execute to perform a specific task.

Hardware

The physical components of a computer system.

Software

The programs and operating systems that run on a computer.

Feedback

Information returned to a system or user about an action or process.

Instance

A specific occurrence of an object or structure in computing.

Consistent Interface

A design principle ensuring similar interactions across applications.

Metaphor

A design concept using familiar real-world objects to represent digital interactions.

CPU

The 'brain' of the computer, executing instructions and managing tasks.

ALU

A component of the CPU that performs arithmetic and logical operations.

PC

A register in the CPU that tracks the next instruction to be executed.

I/O

The communication between a computer and external devices.

Compiler

A program that translates source code into machine code.

RAM

A type of fast, temporary memory used by a computer.

Peripheral

An external device connected to a computer.

HDD

A traditional storage device that uses spinning disks to store data.

SSD

A modern storage device that uses flash memory for faster speeds.