Brain Structures GT

What type of joint are suture joints of the skull

Fibrous Joints

Which suture is found:

Between Parietal and Temporal Bones

Squamous suture

Which suture is found:

Between Frontal and Parietal Bones

Coronal suture

Which suture is found:

Between Parietal and Parietal Bones

Sagittal suture

Which suture is found:

Between Parietal and Occipital Bones

Lambdoid suture

What structures are located where suture lines intersect?

Junctions --> Bregma (cornonal and sagitial ) and Lambda (lamdoid and sagital)

Which junction is located where Frontal- Sphenoid-Temporal- and Parietal come together

Pterion

What is the order (for which they appear from anterior cranial fossa to posterior) of the Cranial Foramina and in the notes section provide the structure that runs through them

Optic canal, superior orbital fissure, inferior orbital fissure, foraman ovale, formaen rotundum, foraman spinousum, foraman lacerum, .....

Other important holes

Stylomastoid foramen

Supraorbital foramen

Supraorbital Foramen

Stylomastoid foramen (between styloud process and mastoid process)

Other important holes

Supraorbital foramen houses..

supraorbital nerve and artery

Stylomastoid foramen houses…

Facial Nerve

What are the 3 primary regions of the brain (include the evolutionary subregions with each region)

Cerebrum, Cerebellum, brain stem or (forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain)

The cerebrum (lobes, gyri, sulci) are all parts of which subregion of the brain

telencephalon

The thalamus, hypothalamus, Pineal gland and other like structures are all parts of which subregion of the brain

diencephalon

The midbrain, upper aspect of brainstem, cerebral peduncles, and colliculi are all parts of which subregion?

mesencephalon

The mid brainstem-pons-cerebellum are all parts of which subregion

metencephalon

The lower brainstem –medulla oblongata is located in which subregion

Myencephalon

What divides the R and L cerebrum

longitudinal fissure

what connects the R and L cerebrum

corpus callosum

Which Sulcus?

frontal lobe to parietal lobe

central sulcus

Which sulcus?

Frontal lobe- Temporal Lobe?

lateral sulcus

Which Sulcus?

Parietal lobe- Occipital Lobe?

parieto-occipital sulcus

Which Sulcus?

Superior and Inferior Occipital Lobe?

calcarine sulcus

What is the general function of the precentral gyrus?

primary motor cortex (voluntary movement)

What is the general function of the frontal gyri (superior, middle, inferior)

cognition, memory, problem solving, Broca's area (Speech) Pre-motor cortex

Where is Broca’s area of speech located?

inferior frontal gyrus

What is the function of the Broca’s area?

speech (motor production)

Which gyrus will serve as the primary somatosensory cortex?

postcentral gyrus

What is the general function of the Superior Temporal Gyrus

primary auditory cortex

Which temporal gyrus will help with sound recognition, language memory, and language processing

Middle temporal gyrus

Which temporal gyrus will help with facial recognition

inferior temporal gyrus

What is the general function of the occipital gyri of the occipital lobe?

vision

Which lobe may serve as the primary (or part of the primary) gustatory center (taste)

insula lobe

How can we locate the insula lobe

Splitting the brain at the lateral sulcus

Which gyrus will house the hippocampus

parahippocampal gyrus

Where is the Primary Olfactory Cortex located

And why may perfume on a stranger in the mall bring JJ to tears?

uncus

What are the structures of the dienscephalon

thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, and related structures

What is the primary relay structure of the diencephalon

thalamus

Which Thalamic nuclei is specific for CN VIII (auditory neurons)

medial geniculic nucleus

Which Thalamic nuclei is specific for CN II (vision neurons)

lateral geniculic nucleus

Which Thalamic nuclei is specific for assisting in memory consolidation via the circuit of papez

anterior thalamic nucleus in the Papez circuit

Which structure of the epithalamus will secrete melatonin (sleep/wake)

pineal gland

The mammillary bodies of the brain will assist primarily in what function

memory formation

Which structure of the diencephalon will link neuro and endocrine functions

hypothalamus

What structures of the midbrain (mesencephalon) will be a neuronal connection (Bridge) between the cerebrum and midbrain; think descending motor tracts

cerebral peduncles

Why is the corpora quadrigemina (superior/inferior colliculi) important; and what is the function of the individual colliculi?

superior colliculi - vision inferior for auditory

What structure is found between the Midbrain and the Medulla?

pons

Which structures will be a neuronal connection (bridge) between the Pons and the Cerebellum

cerebellar peduncles

Which aspect of the brain will be located between the pons and spinal cord and will be responsible for many involuntary functions (HR, Respiration, etc) think what CN are located here

medulla oblongata

What 2 structures will be formed on the ventral medulla due to their high density of descending motor tracts (neurons)

pyramid and olive of medulla

What structure of the posterior medulla will be responsible for sensory messaging from the upper body

cuneate nucleus

What structure of the posterior medulla will be responsible for sensory messaging from the lower body

gracilus nucleus

What is the primary function of the cerebellum

coordination and regulation of movement

Which aspect of the cerebellum will help with proprioceptive functions

anterior lobe of cerebellum

Which aspect of the cerebellum will assist with fine motor functions due to high GABA-secreting neurons

posterior lobe of cerebellum

What is the primary function of the vermis of cerebellum

posture and locomotion

What nerve will innervate the meninges (primarily)

trigeminal

Which meninge will be most dense in sensory neurons, acting as a warning system

dura mater

Which meninge will be a thick, outer fibrous layer

dura mater

Which meninge will create folds to provide compartments within the cranial cavity

dura mater

Which dural fold lies within the longitudinal fissure?

cerebral falx

Which dural fold separates the occipital lobes from the cerebellum

tentorium cerebelli

Which dural fold will wrap around the pituitary gland

sellar diaphragm

Which dural fold will be triangular shaped just posterior to the cerebellum and is attached to the occipital bone

cerebellar falx

Which space is located between the skull and the brain

epidural

Which space is located between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

subdural space

What are the primary characteristics of an epidural hematoma?

lemon shape does not cross suture lines, arterial blood

What are the primary characteristics of the subdural hematoma

banana shape, crosses suture lines, venous blood

What is the avascular middle meninge

arachnoid meninge

What is the space that will contain CSF

Choroid plexus within lateral ventricles --> subarachnoid mater

What is the innermost, vascular meninge directly surrounding the brain and spinal cord

pia mater

What are the two contributing primary arteries of the Circle of Willis and what are their general locations (cerebral or cerebellar)

Vertebral artery (cerebellar) and Internal corotid (cerebral)

From where does the vertebral artery branch?

subclavian artery

How does the vertebral artery enter the cranial cavity

foramen magnum

From where does the internal carotid artery branch?

common carotid arteries

How does the internal carotid artery enter the cranial cavity

carotid canal

How many cerebellar arteries branch directly or indirectly from the Vertebral Artery aspect of the cerebral blood flow? (name them)

3 --> posterior inferior cerebellar, anterior inferior cerebella, superior cerebellar

How many Cerebral arteries does the Circle of Willis have? (name them)

3 --> posterior, middle, anterior

How many communicating arteries serve as bridges to connect all arteries

2 communiting arteres

Which artery serves as the “body” between cerebellar structures and cerebral structures

basilar arteries

From where will the Pontine and Labyrinthine arteries branch? AND what do these serve?

branch from basillar artery serve pontines goes to pons and labyrinthine goes to coculea and vestibular aspects

Which artery will supply the medial and superior frontal and parietal lobes

anterior cerebral artery

Which aspect of the circle of willis supplies the lateral cortical areas to include much of the motor and sensory cortex?

Middle cerebral artery

Which artery will supply the midbrain, occipital and inferior temporal lobes

posterior cerebral artery

The posterior inferior cerebellar artery will supply?

Posterior inferior cerebellum and some aspects of medulla

Which artery will supply anterior-inferior cerebellum

Anterior inferrior Cerebella

Which artery will supply the superior cerebellum?

superior cerebellar

What bridges the Posterior Cerebral A to the Internal Carotid A

Posterior communicating artery

Which artery supplies the optic chiasm and other hypothalamic region structures

Posterior communicating artery

What does the anterior communicating artery directly branch from

anterior cerebral artery

What is the “hotspot” (40% of all aneurysms) trouble area for aneurysms in the circle of Willis

Anterior cerebral artery to anterior communicating

What are the 3 superficial cerebral veins that will drain the lobes of the cerebrum?

superor anastomatic vein of Trolard

superficial middle cerebral vein (Sylvian)

inferior anastomatic vein of Labbe

What are the 2 primary dural venous sinuses that these superficial cerebral veins drain into

Superior sagital sinus and inferior sagitial sinus

What veins and 2 primary dural venous sinuses will drain the deep internal structures

Branches of superior middle , and inferior cerebral veins and great vein of galen (great cerebral vein)

What structures come together at the confluence of sinuses

superior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, occipital sinus, transverse sinus

Which Sinus is attached to the Cerebral Falx dural fold

straight sinus

Which Sinus will drain CSF from the subarachnoid space

Superior sagiital sinus

Which Sinus sits just above the corpus collusum (internal) draining deep internal structures of the brain

inferior sagittal sinus

Which sinus will the inferior sagittal sinus drain into

straight sinus

What structure will the superior sagittal sinus drain into

straight sinus