HP 1420 Lecture Flashcards

human anatomy

the scientific study of the body’s structures

what is the difference between gross and microscopic anatomy?

gross anatomy studies large, observable structures that can be seen without a microscope, while microscope anatomy focuses on structures that can only be observed with a microscope

what is the difference between regional and systemic anatomy?

regional anatomy focuses on structures in a specific region of the body, such as the abdomen, and how it functions. systemic anatomy focus on structures that work together in a particular body system, such as the muscular system.

what is human physiology

the study of how structures work in their body by exploring their chemical and physical components

homeostasis

an internal state of constant stable conditions, the body tries to maintain stable conditions at all times (example: glucose raising blood sugar and insulin lower blood sugar to stabilize blood sugars)

What are the six levels of organization in the human body?

subatomic particles

atoms

molecules

organelles

cells

tissues

organs

organ systems

organisms and biosphere

describe the relationship between particles, atoms, and molecules

Elements are made up of atoms. Atoms have subatomic particles such as electrons and protons. Different types of atoms come together to form a molecule

cell

cells are the smallest unit of life. they contain membrane-bound organelles. organelles are small little compartments that have specialized funtions to help the cell live.

tissues

tissues are made up of cells that perform specialised functions

organs

organs are made up of different tissues that perform a specialized function

organ system

a group of organs that work together to support the body and its functions

what are all the organ systems of the body (11)

integumentary

skeletal

muscular

nervous

endocrine

cardiovascular

lymphatic

respiratory

digestive

urinary

male reproductive system

female reproductive system

organism

a living thing that can support itself and biological processes and has cells

integumentary system

encloses body structures and provides us with sensory receptors

ex: skin and nails

skeletal system

supports body structure and movement

ex: joints and bones

muscular system

enables movement and maintains body temperature

ex: skeletal muscles and tendons

nervous system

processes senses and responds to sensory information

ex: spinal cord and brain

endocrine system

secretes hormones and regulates bodily processes

ex: pancreas, ovaries, testes

cardiovascular system

delivers oxygen throughout the body and helps regulate temperature

ex: heart and blood vessels

lymphatic system

returns fluid to blood and protects against infection

ex: lymph nodes and spleen

respiratory system

removes carbon dioxide and delivers oxygen from the body

ex: lungs and nasal passage

digestive system

processes food and removes waste

ex: stomach, small and large intestine, liver

urinary system

controls water balance and excretes toxin from the blood

ex: kidneys and bladder

male reproductive system

produces male sex hormones and delivers sperm to female

ex: testes, epididmis

female reproductive system

produces sex hormones, holds fetus until birth, and produces milk for infants

anatomical position

a position where the body is standing upright with palms facing outwards

what is the difference between prone and supine

supine describes a patient laying face-down and supine describes a aptient facing upwards

anterior / ventral

front or forward direction from the body

posterior / dorsal

refers to going back of the body or backwards

superior / cranial

comparative and compares a structure higher than another structure in the body

inferior (caudal)

refers and compares one structure that is lower than another structure

lateral

refers to a structure on the side or towards the side of the body

medial

describes the middle area of the body or towards the middle section

proximal vs distal

proximal means something is closer to an attachment / trunk of the body while distal means it is far from the point of attachment / trunk of the body

superficial vs deep

superficial means closer to the surface of the body and deep means further from the surface of the body

sagittal plane

this plane divides the body into two sections, the left and the right.

it is midsagittal if the division is evenly split, and if it is uneven it is called parasagittal

frontal plane

divides body into the front and back sections (anterior and posterior portion)

transverse plane

divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions and create cross sections of the body

dorsal and ventral cavity (posterior and anterior cavities)

large body compartments that protect internal organs and allow them to change size and shape without disrupting the function of other organs

what cavities does the posterior cavity hold?

it holds the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity which connect the brain and the spinal cord. the brain and spinal cord are continuous structures, and so are there cavities. these cavities are filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

what two main subdivisions is the anterior (ventral) cavity divided into?

the thoracic and the abdominopelvic cavity

thoracic cavity

the thoracic cavity includes the heart, the lungs, and the diaphragm. the diaphragm separates the thoracic and the abdominopelvic cavity.

abdominopelvic cavity

abdominopelvic cavity is separated into the abdomenal and pelvic cavity. the abdominal cavity holds digestive organs, while the pelvic cavity holds reproductive organs.

what is a serous membrane

thin membrane that covers walls and organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

what is the difference between parietal and visceral layers of membranes?

parietal layers line the walls of the body cavity while visceral layers line the organs. between these layers, is a small fluid-filled space (or cavity)

pleura

serous membrane that encloses the pleural cavity which encloses the lungs

pericardium

serous membrane that surrounds the pericardial cavity and surrounds the heart

peritoneum

serous membrane that surrounds the peritoneal cavity which surrounds organs in the abdominopelvic cavity

what are the function of serous membranes?

they reduce friction between organs and body cavities. for example, when lungs inflate and deflate, when the diaphragm expands, an

what are the four tissue types?

epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous

what is the acronym for the organ systems of the human body?

MRS INCLUDER

muscular

respiratory

skeletal

integumentary

nervous

cardiovascular

lymphatic

urinary

digestive

endocrine

reproductive

functions of integumentary system

protection

thermoregulation

sensation

vitamin d production

functions of skeletal system

structural support

levers for muscles

produce blood cells

protection to vital organs

mineral storage

functions of muscular system

movement production

posture

body heat production

functions of nervous system

regulatory system

sensation

control of movements and processes

intellectual functions

functions of endocrine system

a major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and other functions. includes glands that secrete hormones

functions of cardiovascular system

Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature.

functions of lymphatic system

reducing swelling, absorption of lipids, immune response

functions of respiratory system

gas exchanges - bring oxygen into our bloodstream and send carbon dioxide out of the body (regulates blood ph)

functions of digestive system

performs mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes

function of urinary system

Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance.

functions of reproductive system

Produce sex hormones and gametes. Female reproductive system supports embryo/fetus until birth and produces milk for infant

what are the two types of feedback loops?

negative and positive feedback loops

what are the components of a feedback loop?

receptor, control center, and effector

receptor in feedback loop

monitors the value of a variable by detecting a change in the variable (by a stimulus)

control center of feedback loop

establishes the set point and receives input from the receptor

effector of feedback loop

generates the response which can change the value of the variable

set point

physiological value around which the normal range of bodily conditions fluctuates

normal range

restricted set of values that is optimally healthful and stable

negative feedback loop definition

mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point

what kind of process is contol of blood glucose? positive or negative feedback?

Controlling blood glucose is considered a negative feedback loop. the body senses a rise in blood glucose, causing the body to release the hormone insulin. the insulin signals skeletal fiber muscle, fat cells, and liver cells to take up excess glucose. Once glucose drops in the blood stream, then alpha cells tell insulin to stop being released.

what happens to the body when its temperature is too high? is this considered positive or negative feedback?

blood vessels dilate to release heat

sweat glands are activated

depth of respiration increases

negative feedback

what happens to the body when its temperature gets too cold? is this considered negative or positive feedback?

blood flow reduced from the skin

skeletal muscles contract and produce shivering

thyroid gland release thyroid hormone to increase metabolic activity

adrenal glands release epinephrine to breakdown glycogen which increase metabolic activity

negative feedback

is childbirth considered a positive or negative feedback loop?

when the baby is exiting the uterus, it causes the cervix to stretch, and oxytocin to be released, which causes the cervix to contract and stretch more. this is a cycle that continues until the baby is born.

this is an example of positive feedback. when the stretching of the cervix stops, then so does the release of oxytocin.

is clotting considered a positive or negative feedback loop?

when there is a reduced amount of blood circulating through the body due to an open wound, substances are released to promote clotting. as clotting continues, more clotting factors are promoted, and it speeds up the healing of the open wound. once the wound is healed, then the clotting stops.

positive feedback loop

x-ray

form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases.

who discovered the x ray

Wilhelm Rontgen noted that an invisible ray could pass through his flesh and leave an imprint on a metal-coated screen

computed tomography (CT)

computers analyze corss-sectional x-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body. it is non-invasive. it is used for soft tissue scanning but may expose patients to radiation, more than those of x-rays

magnetic resonance imaging

noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. for example, cancerous tissue gave off different signals than normal tissue. it does not expose patients to radiation

functional MRIs

detect concentration of blood flow

used to study activity in parts of the brain during bodily activities

portion emission tomography (PET)

use radiopharmaceuticals to emit radiation that is safe to administer in the body

helps visualize physiologic activity (metabolism / blood flow)

ultrasonography

transmission of high frequency sound waves into the body to generate an echo signal converted into a real time image on a computer

ex: pregnancy ultrasounds, study heart function, blood flow in the body