HSP3U1 Exam Review - ASP

smile through the pain

what is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs? what are the five tiers?

theory that explains human motivation based on the pursuit of different levels of needs

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1. self-actualization
2. esteem
3. love and belonging
4. safety needs
5. physiological needs

what is self-actualization?

desire to become the most that one can be

what is esteem?

respect, self esteem, status, recognition, strength, freedom

what is love and belonging?

friendship, intimacy, family, sense of connection

what is safety needs?

personal security, employment, resources, health, property

what is physiological needs?

air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing, reproduction

what is deductive reasoning and give an example

applying general assumptions to specific cases

* Example: Nichole enjoys sports. Nichole is a girl. Therefore, all girls enjoy sports.

what is negative reinforcement?

taking away something to increase behaviour

what are norms?

behaviour expected in certain situations

what is the bystander effect?

the inhibiting influence of the presence of others on a person's willingness to help someone in need

what are values?

Shared ideas or standards that are considered important and binding 

what is the conflict theory?

studies competition between different groups for power

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* result of the struggle between those who have economic/political power and those who do not (upper and lower class).
* These power imbalances can be applied to gender and race.

what is primary socialization?

an individual learns the basic norms and values of society during childhood (ie. manners)

what is resocialization?

process by which negative behaviour is changed into socially acceptable behaviour

what is anticipatory socialization?

process of learning how to plan the way you’ll behave in a certain situation (using your knowledge of socialization to anticipate what behaviour might be required in a given situation)

what is secure attachment?

an attachment where a child feels comforted by the presence of their caregiver

*  Securely attached children feel protected and that they have someone to rely on

what is extrinsic motivation?

external rewards, garnering praise and approval

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ie. money

what is intrinsic motivation?

the doing of an activity for its inherent satisfaction rather than for some separable consequence

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ie. participating in a sport because its fun and enjoyable rather than doing it for an award

what is secondary socialization?

other agents that socialize an individual after childhood are referred to as secondary agents

what is resistant attachment?

Infants with resistant attachment are extremely distressed by the separations and cannot be soothed at reunions, essentially displaying much distress and angry resistance to interactions with the caregiver

what is informed consent?

Informed consent is understood to involve a person agreeing to what is proposed by a psychologist, based on sufficient information to make a reasoned decision

what is cognitive dissonance?

the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially as relating to behavioral decisions and attitude change.

what is groupthink? give examples

phenomenon that occurs when a group of individuals reaches a consensus without critical reasoning or evaluation of the consequences or alternatives. 

* POWER IN NUMBERS 

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Groupthink is based on a common desire not to upset the balance of a group of people.

* Ie. group cohesiveness 
* overall group isolation
* group leadership
* decision-making stress 

what is structural functionalism?

Structural functionalists believe that a society is stable when its social institutions (education system, healthcare, family, religion, politics, schools) meet the needs of their citizens.

* These institutions are interdependent: meaning they work together to meet the needs of their citizen

what is prejudice?

a belief about a specific group; prejudgement; usually negative

* Prejudice leads to discrimination

what is socialization?

process by which an individual acquires self identity, and the social skills for survival process by which we learn the physical, mental and social skills to survive in our culture 

what is positive reinforcement?

Adding something (stimulus) to increase behaviour.

what is a primary group?

clusters of people like families or close friendship circles where there is close, face-to-face and intimate interaction

* There is also often a high level of interdependence between members. Also the key means of socialization in society, the main place where attitudes, values and orientations are developed and sustained.
* ie. families or close relationships 

what is a secondary group?

When members are rarely in contact with one another. They are often large and formal

* ie. trade union or membership organizations (such as natural trust)

what is a planned group?

specifically formed for some purpose – either by their members, or by some external individual, group or organization

* ie. city council → planned group formed for the purpose of governing the city 

what is an emergent group?

come into being relatively spontaneously where people find themselves together in the same place, or where the same collection of people gradually come to know each other through conversation and interaction over a period of time

* ie. emergent response may form when a natural disaster occurs 

what is an implicit attitude?

evaluations that occur without conscious awareness towards an attitude object or the self

* generally either favorable or unfavorable and come about from various influences in the individual experience
* Ie. liking strawberries, yet hating blueberries or may be attracted to some types of people, yet be repulsed by others

what is an explicit attitude?

a response based on conscious judgment and can be measured directly by self-report

* Ie. telling someone you hate or like math 

what is anthropology?

the study of human societies and cultures and their development

what is psychology?

the study of the mind and its behaviour and mental processes of the brain

what is sociology?

the study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society

what is nature?

Nature is the pre-wiring of people and is influenced by genetic inheritance plus other biological factors

what is nurture?

environmental factors that influence the development and behavior of a person

what is extroversion?

is the quality of being outgoing and directing attention to things other than yourself.

*  It's characterized by sociability, assertiveness, talkativeness, and excitability

what is introversion?

 is when people feel more comfortable focusing on their inner thoughts and ideas, rather than what's happening externally.

*  They enjoy spending time with just one or two people, rather than large groups or crowds.

what is natural selection?

the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change. This variation means that some individuals have traits better suited to the environment than others

what is intrinsic motivation?

the doing of an activity for its inherent satisfaction rather than for some separable consequence. 

* When intrinsically motivated, a person is moved to act for the fun or challenge entailed rather than because of external products. EX: participating in a sport because it's fun and you enjoy it rather than doing it to win an award

what are social shields?

a device or object used to avoid interactions with other people

what is ignorance theory?

When we refuse to  learn about another cultural group or befriend someone of another culture, we remain unaware of how other cultures function

what is negativity bias?

Use negative information far more than positive information. Negative information causes a surge in activity in a critical information processing area of the brain, our behaviors and attitudes tend to be shaped more powerfully by bad news, experiences, and information

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EX: people will remember negative events more than positive ones 

who is noam chomsky?

concluded that children must have an inborn faculty for language acquisition

according to this theory, the process is biologically determined - the human species has evolved a brain whose neural circuits contain linguistic information at birth

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(nature)

who is BF SKINNER?

Skinner mentioned how any learning must be “nurtured”

* concluded language development is based on experiences from a stimulus response conditioning (operant conditioning) 
* (stimulus, response, reinforcement). This, ultimately, is what conditions our behaviors.

ie. negative/positive reinforcement and punishment

what is the LAD theory (language acquitsion device) by noam chomsky

Humans are born with **LAD** (Language Acquisition Device), a learning mechanism that allows infants to understand basic grammar

what is the linguistic theory? formed by noam chomsky

aims to explain the nature of human language in terms of basic underlying principles.

Linguists study the structure of natural languages in order to gain a better understanding of those principles.

what is dopamine?

a type of neurotransmitter and hormone. It plays a role in many important body functions, including movement, memory and pleasurable reward and motivation

what are he principles Psychologists/Researchers consider when conducting a study on humans?

Independent interview; informed consent; respect confidentiality and privacy

what is group unanimity?

Unanimity is agreement by all people in a given situation. Groups may consider unanimous decisions as a sign of social, political or procedural agreement, solidarity, and unity.

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Unanimity may be assumed explicitly after a unanimous vote or implicitly by a lack of objections.

what is group attractiveness?

Reveals that groups as a whole are perceived as more attractive than the average attractiveness of their members. This effect seems to be driven by selective attention to the most attractive members of a group.

what is the teenage brain?

The teen brain has lots of plasticity, which means it can change, adapt, and respond to its environment. Challenging academics or mental activities, exercise, and creative activities such as art can help the brain mature and learn. 

* They rely on the amygdala due to the prefrontal cortex still developing 

what is the operant conditioning?

Is a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior created by B.F. Skinner. Through operant conditioning, behavior that is rewarded is likely to be repeated, and behavior that is punished will rarely occur.

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EX: giving them a piece of candy when they clean their room

what is classical conditioning?

a type of learning that happens unconsciously. When you learn through classical conditioning, an automatic conditioned response is paired with a specific stimulus. This creates a behavior.

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EX:  Pavlov's dogs hearing a bell (neutral) and expecting food (positive). The learned behavior is called a conditioned response