BIO 101 - Chapter 11 - DNA Technology

Not as bad as i thought Surprisingly short

DNA Technology

DNA Technology

Manipulating DNA for practical purposes is called ____________?

DNA Technology’s Tools

Recombinant DNA, DNA sequencing, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA profiling

Recombinant DNA

Genetic Material from another source

DNA sequencing

refers to the general laboratory technique for determining the exact sequence of nucleotides, or bases, in a DNA molecule. Used to deduce evolutionary relationships between species.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

is a laboratory technique for rapidly producing (amplifying) millions to billions of copies of a specific segment of DNA.

PCR replicates DNA in a test tube

PCR unwinds the double helix using heat

PCR uses primers to get replication started

PCR copies DNA over and over

DNA profiling

the process where a specific DNA pattern, called a profile, is obtained from a person or sample of bodily tissue.

Detects genetic differences.

Strengthens the criminal justice system.

Stem cell research

stem cells are manipulated to specialize into specific types of cells, such as heart muscle cells, blood cells or nerve cells. The specialized cells can then be implanted into a person

Cloning

Also known as asexual reproduction, common among single-celled organisms. .involves using scientific methods to make identical, or virtually identical, copies of an organism, cell or DNA sequence. Plants are easy to

DNA probes

a single-stranded sequence of DNA or RNA used to search for its complementary sequence in a sample genome.

Labeled with a fluorescent tag

Used to detect specific sequences.

Can be used to see if a patient inherits a disease.

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)

is a laboratory procedure used in conjunction with in vitro fertilization (IVF) to reduce the risk of passing on inherited conditions.

can detect genetic diseases in early embryos

DNA probes to reduce the odds of having a child with a genetic disease.

Genetic Testing

the sequencing of human DNA in order to discover genetic differences, anomalies, or mutations that may prove pathological.

Gene Therapy

works by adding new copies of a gene that is broken, or by replacing a defective or missing gene in a patient's cells with a healthy version of that gene.

Transgenic Organism

An organisms whose genome contains recombinant DNA

cDNA

Copy DNA or Complementary DNA

Plasmids

Small circular piece of double-stranded DNA. They can replicate themselves inside a host cell and can be used for expressing the genes they carry. These are used to create transgenic organisms.

Recombinant DNA

Source DNA combines with plasmid to form?

Transgenic Bacteria

Uses cDNA that does not contain introns to make bacteria that expresses eukaryotic genes

Restriction Enzymes

Used to create transgenic organisms. Cuts the plasmid and source DNA

How does DNA sequencing start?

In a tube unknown DNA sequence, primers, nucleotides, and replication enzymes are put together.

Lasers

Detect the different sized DNA fragments.

Noncoding

Most human DNA is __________ — only about 1.5% of it encodes proteins

Short Tandem Repeats (STRs)

Short repeated sequences of DNA, individuals have unique patterns of this.

STR patterns reveal genetic differences.

Totipotent

capable of giving rise to any cell type or (of a blastomere) a complete embryo. Embryonic stem cells are _____?

Pluripotent

The cells that can develop from this type of stem cells are limited. (Adult stem cells) Ex. Bone marrow

Somatic Cell nuclear transfer

Used to clone animals.

Adult DNA was extracted and put into another egg cell before implanted into a surrogate.

Ex. Dolly (sheep)