DNA Typing and Forensics Overview

These flashcards cover key vocabulary related to DNA typing and forensic science based on the lecture notes.

DNA

A large molecule composed of linked repeating units called nucleotides, containing genetic information.

Nucleotide

The basic building block of DNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Adenine

A nitrogenous base in DNA that pairs with thymine.

Thymine

A nitrogenous base in DNA that pairs with adenine.

Guanine

A nitrogenous base in DNA that pairs with cytosine.

Cytosine

A nitrogenous base in DNA that pairs with guanine.

Tandem Repeats

Sequences of bases in DNA that are repeated multiple times, useful in distinguishing individuals.

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

A technique used to amplify small quantities of DNA by replicating it outside of a living cell.

Capillary Electrophoresis

A method for separating DNA fragments based on size, utilizing a thin glass column.

Genotype

The genetic constitution of an individual, represented by alleles at specific loci.

Allele

Different forms of a gene found at the same locus on a chromosome.

Locus

A specific, fixed position on a chromosome where a particular gene or genetic marker is located.

STR (Short Tandem Repeat)

A type of genetic marker consisting of short sequences of repeated DNA that are used for DNA profiling.

CODIS (Combined DNA Index System)

A national database that contains DNA profiles for use in solving crimes.

Haplotype

A set of genetic markers inherited together from a single parent, used in tracing lineage.

mtDNA (Mitochondrial DNA)

Genetic material found in mitochondria, inherited maternally and useful for genealogical research.

SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism)

A variation at a single position in a DNA sequence among individuals, often used in genetic studies.

Exclusion (in forensic DNA analysis)

A conclusion that indicates that two DNA samples do not match.

Inclusion (in forensic DNA analysis)

A conclusion that indicates a match between a DNA profile from evidence and a known sample.

Paternity Testing

The assessment of DNA sequences to determine biological relationships between a child and an alleged father.