Anatomy II Exam 4

What are the sex organs called?

gonads

What are the sex cells called?

gametes

What are the organs that produce gametes and hormones?

gonads

What are the male gonads?

testes

What do the testes secrete?

male sex hormones (androgens)

What are the male gametes?

spermatozoa/sperm

What is the female gonad?

ovary

What does the ovary produce?

immature gamete oocyte which becomes a mature ovum is fertilized

What is the female gamete?

ovum

What is the pathway of sperm?

testes to epididymis to ductus deferens to ejaculatory duct to urethra

Where are immature sperm found?

testes

Where do immature sperm move to in order to undergo functional sperm maturation?

epididymis

What is the process of capacitation?

sperm become mobile

Why do sperm need to become mobile?

need the ability to swim through the whole female reproductive tract

After functional sperm maturation in the epididymis, where does the sperm go?

ductus deferens

Where does the ejaculatory duct empty sperm into?

urethra

What is the function of the accessory organs?

secrete fluid that sperm travel in into ejaculatory ducts and urethra

What is the fluid that sperm travels in?

semen

What are the accessory organs?

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands

What is the scrotum?

sac that encloses testes

Why does the scrotum hold the sperm away from the body?

sperm are only viable at a certain temp, scrotum are 2 degrees cooler than 98.6 body temp

What is the raphe?

division between 2 scrotum

What is the muscle responsible for temperature regulation of the testes?

cremaster muscle

What does the cremaster muscle do?

tenses scrotum to pull testes closer to the body for temperature regulation

What is the tunica albuginea?

capsule covering testes, outer covering

What does the tunica albuginea form?

septa dividing the testes into lobules

What are the testes separated into?

lobules

What are the lobules separated by?

septa

What do the lobules contain?

800 slender and tightly coiled seminiferous tubules

What do the seminiferous tubules produce?

spermatozoa

What cells are around the seminiferous tubules?

interstitial/Leydig cells

What do the interstitial/Leydig cell produce?

androgens, mostly testosterone

What is the dominant male hormone?

testosterone

What is the process of sperm production produced?

spermatogenesis

Where does spermatogenesis begin?

seminiferous tubules, then goes through lumen

What is the order of cells in spermatogenesis?

spermatogonia, spermatocytes (primary and secondary), spermatids, spermatozoa

What are spermatogonia?

male stem cells

The 2 daughter cells produced by mitosis of spermatogonia are called what?

one is a spermatogonium, the other differentiates into a primary spermatocyte

How many chromosomes does a spermatogonia have?

46

How many chromosomes does a primary spermatocyte have?

46

What is formed after meiosis of the primary spermatocyte?

Secondary spermatocyte

How many chromosomes does a secondary spermatocyte have?

23

What do secondary spermatocytes differentiate into?

Spermatids

What are spermatids?

immature gametes

What do the spermatids differentiate into?

spermatozoa

What is the process where spermatids differentiate into mature spermatozoa?

spermiogenesis

What are the 3 phases of spermatogenesis?

mitosis of spermatogonia, meiosis of spermatocytes, spermiogenesis of spermatid

What are the 3 parts of the sperm?

head, midpiece, tail

What does the head of the sperm contain?

nucleus, genetic material, 23 chromosomes

What covers the head of the sperm?

acrosome

What is the purpose of the acrosome?

enzymes for fertilization in order to penetrate the ovum

What does the midpiece of the sperm contain?

mitochondria

Why does the midpiece contain mitochondria?

ATP to move tail

What is the erectile tissue (muscles) of the penis?

corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum

What is GnRH?

gonadotrophic releasing hormone

What secretes GnRH?

hypothalamus

Where does GnRH go to?

anterior pituitary

What does the anterior pituitary secrete in response to GnRH?

FSH, LH

What does FSH cause in males?

production of sperm

What does LH cause in males?

production of testosterone

What is the process where sperm develop motility?

capacitation

What is the serous membrane that covers the testes?

tunica albuginea

What membrane covers the testes and the ovaries?

tunica albuginea

What are the interstitial/Leydig cells stimulated by?

LH

What hormone is spermatogenesis stimulated by?

FSH

What is the broad ligament?

structure that encloses ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus

What structure encloses the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus?

broad ligament

What are the female gonads?

ovaries

What are the female gametes?

ovum

What do the ovaries secrete and produce?

secrete estrogen and progesterone, produce gametes

What is the outer covering of the ovaries?

tunica albuginea

What is oogenesis?

ovum production

What hormone is oogenesis stimulated by?

FSH

Where does oogenesis occur?

ovarian follicle

What are the cells in order of oogenesis?

oogonium, primary oocytes, secondary oocytes, mature ovum

What is the female stem cell?

oogonium

How does the oogonium become a primary oocyte?

mitosis

How does the primary oocyte become a secondary oocyte?

meiosis

How does the secondary oocyte become a mature ovum?

fertilization

How does the ovum get released?

follicle bursts at ovulation

What is the purpose of the Fallopian tube?

pick up ovum and transport

What is the first section of the Fallopian tube?

infundibulum

What is the funnel near the ovary?

infundibulum

What is the purpose of the infundibulum?

capture ovum as its released at ovulation to bring into Fallopian tube

What do the fimbriae do?

gather oocyte into uterine tube, pick ovum up at release and bring to infundibulum

What are the 3 portions of the uterus?

fundus, body, cervix

What is the largest portion of the uterus (top)?

fundus

What is the rounded portion of the uterus (middle)?

body

What is the last part, most distal part of the uterus?

cervix

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium

What is the endometrium?

inner lining of uterus

What is the myometrium?

muscle layer of uterus

What layer of the uterus causes contractions and menstrual cramps?

myometrium

What is the perimetrium?

outside layer of uterus

What is the uterine cycle also known as?

menstrual cycle

What are the 4 parts of the uterine/menstrual cycle?

menses, proliferative phase, ovulation, secretory phase

Progesterone level drops to initiate?

menses

What is the first phase of the uterine cycle?

menses

What occurs during menses?

endometrial lining gets shedded b/c ovum is not fertilized by sperm

What starts once the endometrial lining is gone?

proliferative phase