Ap Euri

first step of a crusade against the ideas and politics of the dual revolution

first step of a crusade against the ideas and politics of the dual revolution

Holy Alliance

formed the Holy Alliance (3)

Austria, Prussia, Russia

decrees that required the 38 German member states to root out subversive ideas in their universities and newspapers; established a permanent committee with spies and informers to investigate and punish any liberal or radical organizations

Carlsbad Decrees

issued the Carlsbad Decrees through the German Confederation

Metternich

the founder of Young Italy, an organization that was dedicated to the unification of Italy under an Italian government in the 1830s. He was a nationalist and a liberal who wanted to unit Italy under a republic.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Young Italy

An association under the leadership of Mazzini that urged the unification of the country, but was swiftly put down by the French and Austrian militaries.

the last Bourbon king of France, favored a divine-right monarchy; wanted to roll back the gains made by the liberals during the reign of Louis XVIII

Charles X

the foreign minister of Austria, feared nationalism and revolution; favored aristocratic rule and the traditional social structure.

Metternich

king of France after the Revolution of 1830, mirrored the views of the businessmen who enthroned him, and as a result, he has been called the "bourgeois monarch". Ousted in the February Revolt

Louis Philippe

coauthor of The Communist Manifesto, a document which among other things claimed the human history is the history of class struggle and that a violent revolution by the proletariat against the bourgeoisie was inevitable

Karl Marx

claimed that the key to progress was proper social organization. In this organization, "parasites" such as the court, the aristocracy, lawyers, and churchmen would give way to the "doers" such as scientists, engineers and industrialists; added that every social institution should have as its primary goal improved conditions for the poor.

Count Henri de Saint-Simon

a German pastor and philosopher who argued that every people had its own particular spirit or genius which it expresses through culture and language

Johann Herder

a particular spirit or genius

volksgeist

held the principal ideas of liberty and equality

liberalism

advocates of this idea argued that each people had its own genius and its own cultural unity

nationalism

advocates of this believed that there was an urgent need for a further reorganization of society to establish cooperation and a new sense of community

socialism

characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life

romanticism

Leader of the Provisional Government of France following the February Revolt; urged workers to agitate for universal voting rights and to take control of the state peacefully; believed in the right to work as sacred. Started the National workhouses, but was forced to close them due to financial constraints.

Louis Blanc

a man who envisaged a socialist utopia of mathematically precise, self-sufficient communities; also a proponent of the total emancipation of women

Charles Fourier

author of The Communist Manifesto

Friedrich Engles

work that became "the bible of socialism"

The Communist Manifesto

a German who believed that each age is characterized by a dominant set of ideas which produces opposing ideas and eventually a new synthesis

Georg Hegel

these 2 poets published their Lyrical Ballads, which abandoned flowery classical conventions for the language of ordinary speech and endowed simple subjects with the loftiest majesty

William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge

rescued German fairy tales from oblivion

Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm

the greatest of all Russian poets; rejected 18th century attempts to force Russian poetry into a classical straitjacket; used his lyric genius to mold the modern literary language

Aleksander Pushkin

the greatest and most moving romantic painter in France; fascinated with remote and exotic subjects; passionate spokesman for freedom

Eugene Delacroix

romantic composer

Ludwig van Beethoven

laws that regulated the foreign grain trade and set prices to ensure the most profit for the commercial farmers in England

Corn Laws

passed by the British Parliament and placed controls on a heavily taxed press and practically eliminated all mass meetings

Six Acts

a protest at Saint Peter's Field after the Six Acts were passed; this incident demonstrated the government's determination to repress and stand fast

Battle of Peterloo

had been characterized by stubborn inaction and complacency; government who refused to consider electoral reform

bourgeois monarchy

a moderate republican who had predicted the overthrow of Louis Philippe's government; believed that socialism was the most characteristic aspect of the revolution in Paris

Alexis de Tocqueville

the Quadruple Alliance was

a treaty signed by the United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and later France

used liberal rhetoric to consolidate his popularity, but actually continued Russia's absolutist policies

Tsar Alexander I

a French poet, novelist, and dramatist of the Romantic movement

Victor Hugo

a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich; the objective of the Congress was to provide a long-term peace for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars

Congress of Vienna

a successful war of independence waged by the Greek revolutionaries between 1821 and 1832, with later assistance from Russia, the United Kingdom, France, and several other European powers against the Ottoman Empire

Greek Revolution

a workers' social revolution that began during the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 and resulted in the widespread implementation of anarchist and more broadly libertarian socialist organizational principles throughout various portions of the country for two to three years

Spanish Revolution

a revolutionary wave in Europe. It included "romantic and nationalistic" revolutions, the Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, the July Revolution in France, and the fight for independence in Serbia along with revolutions in Congress Poland and Switzerland

Revolutions of 1830

a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848; it remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history, but within a year, reactionary forces had regained control, and the revolutions collapsed

Revolutions of 1848

the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany

Frankfurt Assembly

a political and social philosophy promotes retaining traditional social institutions

conservatism

the first currents of modern socialist thought as exemplified by the work of Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, and Robert Owen, which inspired Karl Marx and other early socialists

utopian socialism

the term used by Friedrich Engels to describe the social-political-economic theory first pioneered by Karl Marx

Marxian (scientific socialism)

a painting by Eugène Delacroix commemorating the July Revolution of 1830, which toppled King Charles X of France; a woman personifying Liberty leads the people forward over the bodies of the fallen, holding the flag of the French Revolution

the tricolor flag which is still France's flag today

document, written in 1838 mainly by William Lovett of the London Working Men's Association, stated the ideological basis of the Chartist movement; detailed the six key points that the Chartists believed were necessary to reform the electoral system and thus alleviate the suffering of the working classes

People's Charter

the Great Powers (5)

Austria, Britain, Prussia, Russia, France

as a result of this bill, the number of voters increased slightly

Reform Bill of 1832

the first President of the second French Republic

Louis Napoleon

the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855; also the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland; inherited his brother's throne despite the failed Decembrist revolt against him, and went on to become the most reactionary of Russian monarchs

Tsar Nicholas I

Concert of Europe

a system in which Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain met periodically to discuss any problems affecting the peace in Europe; resulted from the post-Napoleon era Quadruple Alliance

Edmund Burke

(1729-1797) Member of British Parliament and author of Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), which criticized the underlying principles of the French Revolution and argued conservative thought.

Evolution, not Revolution.

Tories

A member of a British political party, founded in 1689, that was the opposition party to the Whigs and has been known as the Conservative Party since about 1832

Whig Party

began as a political faction that opposed absolute monarchy and supported constitutional monarchism and a parliamentary system. The liberal English party

July Ordinances (The Four Ordinances)

edicts that Charles X issued; demolished the Charter, censored the press, reduced the electorate

July Revolution of 1830

caused by the reaction of the middle and lower classes in the July Ordinances and ended with Louis Philippe as the new French Monarch

February Revolt

takes place in France. revolt against Louis-Philippe. He is not as cool as he seems to be. He is forced to give up the throne and goes to Great Britain. After this, Provisional Government is started.

Burschenschaften

Politically active students around 1815 in the German states proposing unification and democratic principles.

Carlsbad Decrees

1819, it discouraged liberal teachings in southern Germany. Censorship imposed by Metternich.