Exam 1

chaps. 1-3

If an atom makes 2 double bond or 1 triple bond then the hybridization must be

sp

If an atom makes no multiple bonds then the hybridization must be

sp3

If an atom makes one double bond then the hybridization must be

sp2

What does ARIO stand for and when do you use ARIO?

stands for Atom, Resonance, Induction, and Orbital; use to find which way the equilibrium is shifted, the more stable the base the weaker it is and equilibrium shifts towards the weaker acid

When deciding which acid is stronger, if the elements are in the same ROW, then determine which element has more

electronegativity, more eletronegtivity means more acidic proton

When deciding which acid is stronger, if the elements are in the same GROUP (column), then determine which element has

the bigger size; as size increases anion stability increases

What functional group is this?

Alkane

What is the PH of alkane?

about 50

What functional group is this?

Alkene

What is the PH of alkene?

about 40

What functional group is this?

alkyne

What is the PH for alkyne?

about 25

What is the PH for alcohol?

about 16

What is this functional group?

alcohol

What is this functional group?

Ether

What is this functional group?

Aldehyde

What is the PH of aldehyde?

not acidic

What is this functional group?

Ketone

What is the PH of carboxylic acid?

about 5

What is this functional group?

carboxylic acid

What is this functional group?

Ester

What is the PH of amide?

about 30

What is this functional group?

amide

What is this functional group?

amine

What is the PH of thiol?

about 8

What is this functional group?

Thiol

What is this functional group?

sulfide

What is the equation for formal charge?

valence electrons - number of bonds - 2(lone pairs)

What is this functional group?

carboynl

What is the most electronegative element?

Florine

If the electronegativity is less than 0.5 the molecule is

nonpolar

If the electronegativity is between 0.5-1.7 the molecule is

polar

If the electronegativity is greater than 1.7 the molecule is

ionic

What is the shape for sp3 orbitals?

tetrahedral

What is the bond angle for sp3 orbitals?

109\.5 degrees

How many sigma and pi bonds do sp3 orbitals have?

4 sigma bonds 0 pi bonds

What is the shape for sp2 orbitals?

trigional planer

What is the bond angle for sp2 orbitals?

120 degrees

How many sigma and pi bonds do sp2 orbitals have?

3 sigma and 1 pi bond

What is the shape for sp orbitals?

linear

What is the bond angle for sp orbitals?

180 degrees

How many sigma and pi bonds do sp orbitals have?

2 sigma and 2 pi bonds

Who donates the protons (H+) in BLAB?

the acids

Who receives the protons in BLAB?

the base

To predict equilibrium in acid/base mechanisms

favor side with weaker acid using pka

What functional group is this?

expoxide

What is this functional group?

haloalkane/halogen

What is this functional group?

acid anhydride

What is this functional group?

acyl halide

What is this functional group?

nitrile

What is this functional group?

imine

What is this functional group?

isocyanate

What is this functional group?

azo compound

What is this functional group?

arene/aromatic

What is the pka for sulfuric acid?

\-9

What is the pka for amines?

about 35

What is the pka for HI, HBr, and HCl respectivly?

\-10,-9,-7

How to use IR Spectrosopy. (CHART)

How many lone pairs does Florine get?

3

How many lone pairs do oxygen get?

2

How many lone pairs does Nitrogen get?

1

Analyzing a IR Spectrum. (CHART)